Skocjan Caves Regional Park, Slovenia
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Contents
- 1 Geographical Location
- 2 Date and History of Establishment
- 3 Area
- 4 Land Tenure
- 5 Altitude
- 6 Physical Features
- 7 Vegetation
- 8 Fauna
- 9 Cultural Heritage
- 10 Local Human Population
- 11 Visitor and Visitor Facilities
- 12 Scientific Research and Facilities
- 13 Conservation Value
- 14 Conservation Management
- 15 IUCN Management Category
- 16 Further Reading
Geographical Location
Skocjan Caves Regional Park (45°49'59.88"N, 14°20'60.00"E) is a World Heritage Site which lies on the Kras plateau of southwest Slovenia 13 kilometers (km) east of Trieste. It includes an area to the east where the River Reka first appears in a shallow canyon, the lower part of River Susica and the area above the caves. A highway to Italy borders the western side of the site: 45° 40'N, 14° 00'E. This exceptional system of vast limestone caves lies in the karst plateau after which the global landscape type is named. It contains one of the largest underground canyons in the world, 5 km of underground passages, caves more than 200 meters (m) deep, dramatic collapsed dolines and many waterfalls. It is a world famous site for the study of karst limestone phenomena.
Date and History of Establishment
- 1815: The caves were discovered and named the Reka Höhlen und Dolinen von St Kanzian, or Grotten und Höhlen von Sankt Kanzian; from 1918-45 known as the Grotti di San Xanziano;
- 1980: 200 hectares (ha) were placed under protection as a natural monument;
- 1990: The site was enlarged to its current size by Order of Amendment (Official Gazette No.47/90);
- 1996: The Skocjan Caves Regional Park gazetted (Official Gazette No.57/96);
- 1999: Registered as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention (305 ha).
Area
413 ha.
Land Tenure
State, in the commune of Divaca. Managed by the Skocjan Caves Regional Park Management Authority under the Nature Protection Agency of the Ministry for Environment and Physical Planning. The land is public except for several parcels in private hands, the acquisition of which is not envisaged in the management plan.
Altitude
The surface elevations range from 214 m to 475 m. The caves extend 230 m below surface level.
Physical Features
Skokjan is a shallow limestone canyon in the Dinaric Karst with an associated underground river and cave system featuring four deep and picturesque chasms. It is a classic example of contact karst between the limestone and impermeable rock and is the type location for the landforms and terms karst and doline (swallowhole). The subterranean passages carved by the Reka River are dramatic examples of large-scale karst drainage. Its grottos are the beginning of a system of subterranean passages from their source to Timavo on the Gulf of Trieste in Italy. In places gallery surfaces have collapsed on several levels producing the deep chasms. These include Sokolak to the south, Globocak in the west and Sapen dol and Lisicina to the north, all part of the system and floristically alike. Also included, apart from 2.5 km of river, is the Mahorcic grotto which has several underground lakes and five cascades.
The river enters Skocjan grotto in an underground passage 350 m long, reappearing at the bottom of two 150 m deep and 300 m long chasms, before disappearing into a passage 2 km long. This passage, one of the largest underground canyons in the world, reaches heights of up to 148 m and in places widths of 10 0m. The flow rate can reach 300 cubic meter (m3) per second and there can be extremely high fluctuations of water level. There are five side galleries and a canal. A 500 m long gallery with stalactites and stalagmites leads to the surface. The total length of the grottos is over 5 km with a depth of 230 m in certain places. In total there are 25 cascades along the river including a 163 m waterfall. A. C. Waltham in the book The World of Caves noted that "its enormous river galleries make it one of the wonders of the world". The temperature within is a constant 12°C. and the annual rainfall of the region is 1,449 millimeters (mm). The caves are surrounded by many archaeological sites.
Vegetation
The surface is mainly dry grassland with dominant autumn moorgrass/hop hornbeam Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum forest and plantations of Austrian pine Pinus nigra. The caves harbor a variety of habitats, Dinaric, Mediterranean, Submediterranean, Illyrian and relict Alpine, all occurring side by side in the Great Valley. This is due to the microclimatic conditions present in the collapsed galleries and the shallow chasms of the river valley, allowing Mediterranean species such as Adiantum capillus-veneris to grow beside Alpine species such as Primula auricula and Viola biflora. The endemic giant dead nettle Lamium orvala var.wettsteinii and Campanula justiniana also occur. Nine species classified as rare in the Slovenian Red Data Book are also present and include Aconitum anthora, Cercis siliquastrum, Delphinium fissum, Euphrasia italica, Juniperus oxycedrus, Laburnum alschingeri; Orobanche hederae is found only in the Great Valley.
Fauna
The grotto system has a typical speleofauna and includes habitat for the snow vole Microtus nivalis. The underground galleries hold ten species of wintering bat in reasonable numbers including the rare and Shreiber's bat Miniopterus schreibersi, lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros (VU), long-fingered bat Myotis capaccinii (VU), greater mouse-eared bat M. myotis, Savi's pipistrelle Pipistrellus savii and western barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus (VU). The caves also support many endemic and endangered species (IUCN Red List Criteria for Endangered), such as the cave salamander Proteus anguinus (VU), but mainly invertebrates, crustaceans and cave beetles.
The site is identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International. The dry karst grasslands above the caves hold several uncommon and threatened bird species: Circaetus gallicus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Upupa epops, Lullua arborea, Anthus campestris, Lanius collurio, Emberiza hortulana, E. cia and E. cirlus. It is a breeding area for the Alpine swift Apus melba and a wintering site for the wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria.
Cultural Heritage
There are 30 areas of archaeological excavation near the caves which show that the site has been occupied for more than 10,000 years, and a further 18 such areas exist in the nearby region. Archaeological finds point to continuous settlement from the middle Stone Age to the Iron Age, when a fort was constructed where Skocjan stands today. The Romans erected another fortification in the same place, and during the Middle Ages a fortified rural settlement was established.
Local Human Population
The three villages within the protected area (Skocjan pri Divaci, Matavun and Betanja) have a resident population of 90. They are themselves considered to be worthy of classification as national cultural monuments.
Visitor and Visitor Facilities
Tourism in the cave started in 1819. At present parts of the grottos are accessible to tourists all year and apart from safety walkways, bridges and an outdoor escalator no other constructions exist. Some 50,000 tourists visited the caves in 1985, 60% of whom were foreigners. Owing to war in the former Yugoslavia, visitor numbers decreased in 1995, with only 40% coming from outside Slovenia. However, visitor numbers in 2001 were 57,000, and in 2002 increased to 66,000. Entrance fees are E9 for foreigners, E6 for students and E4 for children.
Scientific Research and Facilities
The caves continue to be zoologically surveyed. Documentary references exist since the time of Posidinuis (135-50BC), and the caves were described in 1599 and 1689. The site has been fundamental to research on karst phenomena since the 19th century and it is from here that the geomorphological terms 'karst' and 'doline' originate. It was first explored by Svetina in 1839 who descended 100 m into the Reka, and in 1894 the famous speleologist Martel published his work Les Abimes. The continuing importance of the site was reflected in the proceedings of the International Symposium on Protection of Karst which was held at Skocjan in 1982. The archaeological finds are possibly among the most significant in Europe, and accompanying documentation is lodged in a number of museums at Trieste, Vienna, Padua, Postojna and Ljubljana. A popular account is given by Puc (1987). As a result of continuing explorations in the Skocjan caves, new caves are still being discovered.
Conservation Value
The caves are a well preserved and unique example of a karstic cave system, vast underground river galleries and dolines which contain a number of internationally threatened species.
Conservation Management
A major part of the grotto system is located within the protected area which is considered as a natural and cultural monument. The legislation which applies to the area is the Law of Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage (Official Journal of the Slovenian Republic No.1/81 Annex 1,1981) and Decree (Official Journal of the Slovenian Republic No.17/80, 17 July 1980 and 11/81, 1981, Annexes 2 and 3) which give specific protection to the grottos. The grottos have been administered by several groups, including the Italian Alpine Club from 1918 to 1945 and from then by the Speleological Association of Slovenia, the Karst Research Institute, the Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Ljubljana and the Office of Tourism, Portoroz. In October 1996 a new law on the Skocjan Caves Regional Park (Regijski Park Skocjanske jame) was passed giving greater State control over the area. The law also provided legislative mechanisms for the establishment of a management authority for the site, the Skocjan Caves Regional Park Management Authority under the administration of the Nature Protection Agency of the Slovenian Ministry for Environment and Physical Planning. The tourist organization Hoteli,Turizem in Gostinstvo Sezana (HGT Sezana), also former managers of the area, is licensed to use part of the Park for catering and tourist facilities.
The 1996 law introduced a special protection regime for the entire Reka river catchment area of 40,000 ha. In this buffer zone activities are prohibited which might change the existing quantity or quality of the water regime of the river, threatening the grotto system. The Regional Park is zoned, with the most important areas receiving special protection as Natural Monuments. The following are so designated: the last 150m of the canyon before the entrance to Skocjan Caves, the collapsed dolines Mala dolina and Velika dolina, all the caves, in the Park, and a dripstone formation on the surface near the Lipje cave. The settlements of Skocjan and Betanja and 35 archaeological, ethnological, historical and technical features are also protected as cultural monuments. In the natural monument areas all forms of direct and indirect pollution and construction are prohibited, and all flora and fauna in these areas is protected. In the peripheral areas monuments all forms of pollution are prohibited, and building is not permitted beyond existing village boundaries. In 1998 the World Heritage Bureau urged the Authority to complete its work on a management plan with IUCN assistance.
Management Constraints
The main threat to the caves has been from pollution of the Reka River by two factories located 130 km away in Ilirska Bistrica making organic acids and salonite plates. In 1982, an agreement to combat the degradation of the river was signed between those responsible for the pollution (Water pollution) and the executive committee of the Republic of Slovenia, the Sezana commune and those at Ilirska Bistrica (Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia No.31/82, annex 12). Water quality improved with the closure of the organic acid factory for economic reasons in December 1986, and the introduction of new production procedures at the salonite factory. US$ 22 million has reportedly been spent on upstream pollution control and aquatic life has returned to some sections of the river. In 1997, reports conclude that water quality is much better, but the river is still polluted by sewage effluent from settlements within the catchment area, and could be further polluted by agriculture and infrastructure on the surface. However, despite the large numbers of visitors the caves are mainly well preserved, and it is thought that an increase in visitor numbers will not damage them.
Staff
In 1995 there were six staff including four guides, one laborer and one superintendent. In 1997 the newly formed Skocjan Caves Management Authority employed two members of staff.
Budget
Receives financial support from HTG Sezana and from the State. The budget for the Skocjan Caves Management Authority was US$ 120,000 in 1996 and US$ 190,000 in 1997.
IUCN Management Category
- III (Natural Monument)
- V (Protected Landscape)
- Natural World Heritage Site inscribed in 1986. Natural Criteria ii, iii.
Further Reading
- Middleton, J. & Waltham, A. (1986). The Underground Atlas-gazetteer of the World's Caves and Karst. Robert Hale, London.
- World Heritage nomination presented by the Government of Yugoslavia. No. 390.
- Puc, M. (1987). Skocjanske Jame. UNESCO, Paris/Top Portoroz, Divaca, Slovenia. 20 pp.
- UNESCO (1997) New protection of Skocjanske jame. World Heritage News 12.4.
- UNESCO World Heritage Committee (1998) Report on the 22nd Session of the World Heritage Committee, Paris.
- Union Internationale de Speleologie. Commission pour la Protection l'Exploitation et le Tourisme (1982). International Symposium "Protection du Karst a l'Occasion du 160-Anniversaire de l'Amenagement Touristique des Skocjanske Jame. Lipica, Sezana, Slovenia.
- Waltham, A. (1976). The World of Caves. Orbis. ISBN: 0399117334.
- Wetlands International (1999). A Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. Slovenia. Ramsar Sites Database.
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