Thulium
From The Encyclopedia of Earth
November 15, 2006, 9:48 pm
| Topics: |
| Previous Element: Erbium Next Element: Ytterbium |
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| Physical Properties | ||
|---|---|---|
| Color | silvery-white | |
| Phase at Room Temp. | solid | |
| Density (g/cm3) | 9.318 | |
| Hardness (Mohs) | --- | |
|
Melting Point (K) |
1818.2 | |
|
Boiling Point (K) |
2000 | |
| Heat of Fusion (kJ/mol) | 18.4 | |
| Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol) | 247 | |
| Heat of Atomization (kJ/mol) | 232 | |
| Thermal Conductivity (J/m sec K) | 16.9 | |
| Electrical Conductivity (1/mohm cm) | 13.5 | |
| Source | Monazite (phosphate), bastnaesite | |
| Atomic Properties | ||
| Electron Configuration | [Xe]6s24f13 | |
|
Number of Isotopes |
46 (1 natural) | |
| Electron Affinity (kJ/mol) | 50 | |
| First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) | 596.7 | |
| Second Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) | 1163 | |
| Third Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) | 2544 | |
| Electronegativity | 1.25 | |
| Polarizability (Å3) | 21.8 | |
| Atomic Weight | 168.93 | |
| Atomic Volume (cm3/mol) | 18.1 | |
| Ionic Radius2- (pm) | --- | |
| Ionic Radius1- (pm) | --- | |
| Atomic Radius (pm) | 176 | |
| Ionic Radius1+ (pm) | --- | |
| Ionic Radius2+ (pm) | 117 | |
| Ionic Radius3+ (pm) | 102 | |
| Common Oxidation Numbers | +3 | |
| Other Oxid. Numbers | +2 | |
| Abundance | ||
| In Earth's Crust (mg/kg) | 5.2×10-1 | |
| In Earth's Ocean (mg/L) | 1.7×10-7 | |
| In Human Body (%) | --- | |
| Regulatory / Health | ||
| CAS Number | 7440-30-4 | |
| OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) | No limits | |
| OSHA PEL Vacated 1989 | No limits | |
|
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) |
No limits | |
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Sources: |
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