The Solanaceae family represents around 85 genera of floweing plants consisting of over 2800 species globally (D’Arcy, 1986; Albuquerque et al., 2006). Its cosmopolitan distribution is best represented in tropical and temperate regions, with Australia and Latin America as major dispersal centers (Barroso et al., 1991). The greatest species diversity is reported in tropical South America and is considered to be the origin of Solanaceae (Hunziker, 1979).
Physical Description
Plant members are typically trees, shrubs and herbs, though there are some climbers, vines and epiphytes (Barroso et al. 1991). Leaves are usually simple; sometimes they are greatly lobed, petiolate/sub-sessile or phyllotaxy-alternate/alternate to opposed. Leaves are herbaceous, leathery or modified spines. Inflorescences are mostly cymose and axillary, but may be reduced to a single flower. Flowers are bisexual, regular/irregular, medium sized, single/grouped, with cymose/axillary inflorescences and are usually pentamerous (5-membered). Most species are bisexual (hermaphrodites), some are monoecious/dioecious, perianth present, and calyx united. The corolla has five sepals and petals whose shape varies from long to tubular/rotate/campanulate. Androecium are comprised of 2, 4, 5, or 6 free stamens, alternating with the petals, showing flat/filliform filament. Gynoecium bicarpelary, ovary superior, 2-chambered containing 1-50 ovules per chamber, anatropous/hemianatropous, placentation axillary. Fruits berries/capsules/drupe. Seeds are predominantly small, round and flat (Williams 1983; Rzedowski and Rzedowski G, 1985; Tamboia et al., 1986; Barrosa et al. 1991).
Importance of Family
The family is well-known for production of wide varieties of secondary metabolites for example, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenes (Evans, 1986). Recently, the ecological importance of Solanum alkaloids in limiting frugivory (Cipollini and Levey, 1997a; Albuquerque et al., 2006) and as antifungal agents (Cipollini and Levey, 1997b) have been reported. While several members are pharmacologically important, like Atropa, Datura (Bohs and Olmstead, 1997), others serve as major food crops like peppers (Fig 1), eggplant (Fig 2) tomato (Fig 3) and tuberous potatoes (Fig 4) (Basu and De, 2003). Still others are used as ornamental plants (petunias, Nicotiana, etc.)
Figure 1: Several species of Capsicum (commonly known as pepper, chili, sweet pepper or bell pepper, hot chili pepper or chili pepper, jalapeno pepper etc) are known all over the globe, but two most commercially successful species that are cultivated across the planet are Capsicum annuum L. and Capsium frutescens L. 1-15. Different cultivars and/or germplasms /genotypes of different species of Capsicum showing the wide diversity of shapes, sizes, color, aroma, flavor and degree of hotness. 8. Flower of Capsium frutescens L. Credits: 1-9: Ratnabali Sengupta; 10-15: Saikat Basu
Figure 2: Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) 1. Plant; 2. Flower; 3. Flower bud; 4-13. Different cultivars of eggplant grown across the gloabe for commercial production. Credits: 1-3; 5-13: Ratnabali Sengupta; 4; Saikat Basu
Figure 3. 1. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants growing under greenhouse conditions; 2. Potato root system showing growth of tubers; Tubers with 3. White-fleshed tuber; 4. Yellow-fleshed tuber; 5-6. Deep purple colored flesh; 7. Pink colored flesh; 8. Pale red colored flesh; 9. Deep purple colored flesh Credits: 1: Saikat Basu; 2-3: Ratnabali Sengupta; 4-9: Xianping Li and Yanshan Li
Figure 4. 1-6. Flowers and fruits of tomato (Solanum lycopersion L.); 7. Solanum nigrum L.; 8. Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.; and 9. Solanum torvum Sw. Credits: 1, 2, 4 & 6: Saikat Basu; 3, 5, 7-9: Ratnabali Sengupta
Figure 5. Ornamental Solanaceae-Petunias under different shades and color Credits: Ratnabali Sengupta Source: Saikat Basu, own work
A list of members representing the family is presented in Table 1.
Table. 1. Solanaceae members
|
Ref.
|
Species & accepted Taxa
|
Genera
|
Family
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl
|
Acnistus Schott
|
Solanaceae
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Atropa bella-donna L.
|
Atropa L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Bouchetia erecta DC.
|
Bouchetia Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Browallia americana L.
|
Browallia L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Browallia eludens R.K. Van Devender & P.D. Jenkins
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brugmansia ×candida Pers. (pro sp.)
|
Brugmansia Pers.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D. Don
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & C. Presl
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brugmansia versicolor Lagerh.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia americana L.
|
Brunfelsia L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia chiricaspi Plowman
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia densifolia Krug & Urb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia grandiflora D. Don
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia lactea Krug & Urb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia nitida Benth.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. var. calycina (Benth.) J.A. Schmidt
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia portoricensis Krug & Urb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D. Don
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Calibrachoa parviflora (Juss.) D'Arcy
|
Calibrachoa Llave & Lex.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum annuum L.
|
Capsicum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum baccatum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum chinense Jacq. [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum alternifolium (Jacq.) O.E. Schulz
|
Cestrum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum daphnoides Griseb. [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum diurnum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum laurifolium L'Hér.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum nocturnum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum parqui L'Hér.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cestrum salicifolium Jacq.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Chamaesaracha coniodes (Moric. ex Dunal) Britton
|
Chamaesaracha (A. Gray) Benth.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Chamaesaracha coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Chamaesaracha crenata Rydb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Chamaesaracha edwardsiana Averett
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Chamaesaracha pallida Averett
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Chamaesaracha sordida (Dunal) A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Chamaesaracha villosa Rydb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn
|
Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura ceratocaula Ortega
|
Datura L.
|
Solanaceae
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura discolor Bernh.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura inermis Jacq. [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura inoxia Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura kymatocarpa Barclay
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura leichhardtii F. Muell. ex Benth.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura pruinosa Greenman
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura quercifolia Kunth
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura reburra Barclay
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura stramonium L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Datura wrightii Regel
|
|
USDA,2014
|
D. leichhardtii F. Muell
|
Duboisia R. Br.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
D. hopwoodii F. Muell.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
D. myoporoides R. Br.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Fabiana imbricata Ruiz & Pav.
|
Fabiana Ruiz & Pav.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Goetzea elegans Wydler
|
Goetzea Wydler
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Hunzikeria texana (Torr.) D'Arcy
|
Hunzikeria D'Arcy
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Hyoscyamus albus L.
|
Hyoscyamus L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Hyoscyamus muticus L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Hyoscyamus niger L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Iochroma cyaneum (Lindl.) M.L. Green
|
Iochroma Benth., nom. cons.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Jaborosa integrifolia Lam.
|
Jaborosa Juss.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Jaltomata antillana (Krug & Urb.) D'Arcy
|
Jaltomata Schltdl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J.L. Gentry
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydb.
|
Leucophysalis Rydb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Leucophysalis nana (A. Gray) Averett
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycianthes asarifolia (Kunth & Bouché) Bitter
|
Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassler
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycianthes rantonnetii (Carrière) Bitter
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycianthes virgata (Lam.) Bitter
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium andersonii A. Gray
|
Lycium L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium andersonii A. Gray var. andersonii
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium andersonii A. Gray var. deserticola (C.L. Hitchc.) C.L. Hitchc. ex Munz
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium andersonii A. Gray var. wrightii A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium barbarum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium berlandieri Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium berlandieri Dunal var. berlandieri
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium berlandieri Dunal var. longistylum C.L. Hitchc.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium berlandieri Dunal var. parviflorum (A. Gray) Terracc.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium brevipes Benth.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium californicum Nutt. ex A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium californicum Nutt. ex A. Gray var. arizonicum A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium californicum Nutt. ex A. Gray var. californicum
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium carolinianum Walter
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium carolinianum Walter var. carolinianum
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium carolinianum Walter var. quadrifidum (Dunal) C.L. Hitchc.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium chinense Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium cooperi A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium depressum Stocks
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium exsertum A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium ferocissimum Miers
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium fremontii A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium hassei Greene
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium macrodon A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium pallidum Miers
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium pallidum Miers var. oligospermum C.L. Hitchc.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium pallidum Miers var. pallidum
|
Lycium L.
|
Solanaceae
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium parishii A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium puberulum A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium puberulum A. Gray var. berberioides (Correll) Chiang
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium puberulum A. Gray var. puberulum
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium sandwicense A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium shockleyi A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium texanum Correll
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium torreyi A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium tweedianum Griseb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium tweedianum Griseb. var. chrysocarpum (Urb. & Ekman) C.L. Hitchc.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Lycium tweedianum Griseb. var. tweedianum Griseb. [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Mandragora officinarum L.
|
Mandragora L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Margaranthus solanaceus Schltdl.
|
Margaranthus Schltdl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nectouxia formosa Kunth
|
Nectouxia Kunth
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Scop.
|
Nicandra Adans.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana acuminata (Graham) Hook
|
Nicotiana L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana acuminata (Graham) Hook. var. acuminata (Graham) Hook. [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana acuminata (Graham) Hook. var. multiflora (Phil.) Reiche
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana alata Link & Otto
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Watson
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana excelsior (J.M. Black) J.M. Black
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana forgetiana Hort. ex Hemsl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana glauca Graham
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana glutinosa L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana glutinosa L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana longiflora Cav.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & Galeotti
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & Galeotti var. obtusifolia
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & Galeotti var. palmeri (A. Gray) Kartesz
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana paniculata L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh var. quadrivalvis
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh var. wallacei (A. Gray) Mansf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana repanda Willd. ex Lehm.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana rustica L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana ×sanderae hort. ex W. Watson (pro sp.)
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana suaveolens Lehm.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. & Comes
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana tabacum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana tomentosa Ruiz & Pav.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nicotiana velutina H.-M. Wheeler
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nierembergia hippomanica Miers
|
Nierembergia Ruiz & Pav.
|
Solanaceae
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nierembergia hippomanica Miers var. caerulea (Miers) Millán
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nierembergia scoparia Sendtn.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nothocestrum breviflorum A. Gray
|
Nothocestrum A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nothocestrum latifolium A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nothocestrum longifolium A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Nothocestrum peltatum Skottsb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Oryctes nevadensis S. Watson
|
Oryctes S. Watson
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Petunia ×atkinsiana D. Don ex Loudon
|
Petunia Juss.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Petunia axillaris (Lam.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Petunia integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandw.
|
Physalis L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis alkekengi L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis angulata L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis angustifolia Nutt.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis arenicola Kearney
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis carpenteri Riddell ex Rydb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis caudella Standl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) Hitchc.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) Hitchc. var. cinerascens
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) Hitchc. var. spathulifolia (Torr.) J.R. Sullivan
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis cordata Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis crassifolia Benth.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis crassifolia Benth. var. crassifolia
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis crassifolia Benth. var. versicolor (Rydb.) Waterf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis grisea (Waterf.) M. Martínez
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis hederifolia A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis hederifolia A. Gray var. comata (Rydb.) Waterf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis hederifolia A. Gray var. fendleri (A. Gray) Cronquist
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis hederifolia A. Gray var. hederifolia
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis hederifolia A. Gray var. palmeri (A. Gray) Cronquist
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis heterophylla Nees
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis heterophylla Nees var. heterophylla
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis heterophylla Nees var. rowellii Stanford
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis hispida (Waterf.) Cronquist
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis lanceolata Michx.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis latiphysa Waterf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis longifolia Nutt.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. longifolia
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Cronquist
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis minima L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis missouriensis Mack. & Bush
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis mollis Nutt.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis mollis Nutt. var. mollis
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis mollis Nutt. var. variovestita (Waterf.) J.R. Sullivan
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis peruviana L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis philadelphica Lam.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis philadelphica Lam. var. immaculata Waterf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis pubescens L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis pubescens L. var. integrifolia (Dunal) Waterf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis pubescens L. var. pubescens
|
Physalis L.
|
Solanaceae
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis pumila Nutt.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis subulata Rydb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis subulata Rydb. var. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterf. ex Kartesz & Gandhi
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis subulata Rydb. var. subulata Rydb. [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis turbinata Medik.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis virginiana Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis virginiana Mill. var. campaniforma Waterf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis virginiana Mill. var. polyphylla (Greene) Waterf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis virginiana Mill. var. texana (Rydb.) Waterf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis virginiana Mill. var. virginiana
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis viscosa L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Physalis walteri Nutt.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf.
|
Quincula Raf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Thell.
|
Salpichroa Miers
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Salpiglossis sinuata Ruiz & Pav.
|
Salpiglossis K. Koch
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Schizanthus pinnatus Ruiz & Pav.
|
Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Scopolia carniolica Jacq.
|
Scopolia Jacq.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solandra grandiflora Sw
|
Solandra Sw.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solandra longiflora Tussac [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solandra nitida Zuccagni
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum aculeastrum Dunal
|
Solanum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum adscendens Sendtn.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum aethiopicum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum americanum Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum anguivi Lam.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum aviculare G. Forst.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum bahamense L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum bahamense L. var. bahamense
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum bahamense L. var. luxurians D'Arcy
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum bahamense L. var. rugelii D'Arcy
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum bulbocastanum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum burbankii Bitter
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum campechiense L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum candidum Lindl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum capsicoides All.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum carolinense L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum carolinense L. var. floridanum (Shuttlw. ex Dunal) Chapm.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum citrullifolium A. Braun
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum citrullifolium A. Braun var. citrullifolium
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum citrullifolium A. Braun var. setigerum Bartlett
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum clokeyi Munz
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum commersonii Dunal ex Poir.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum conocarpum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum davisense M.D. Whalen
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum demissum Lindl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum dimidiatum Raf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum diphyllum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum donianum Walp.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum douglasii Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum dulcamara L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum dulcamara L. var. dulcamara
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum dulcamara L. var. villosissimum Desv.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum erianthum D. Don
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum fendleri A. Gray ex Torr.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum fendleri A. Gray ex Torr. var. fendleri
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum fendleri A. Gray ex Torr. var. texense Correll
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum ferox L.
|
Solanum L.
|
Solanaceae
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum furcatum Dunal ex Poir.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum gayanum (Remy) Phil. f.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum gilo Raddi
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum guamense Merr.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum heterodoxum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum heterodoxum Dunal var. heterodoxum
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum heterodoxum Dunal var. novomexicanum Bartlett
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum heterodoxum Dunal var. setigeroides M.D. Whalen
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum hindsianum Benth.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum hispidum Pers.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum hyporhodium A. Braun & Bouche
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum incanum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum incompletum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum interius Rydb.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum jamaicense Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum jamesii Torr.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum jasminoides Paxton
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum khasianum C.B. Clarke
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum lanceifolium Jacq.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum lanceolatum Cav.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum leptosepalum Correll
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum lumholtzianum Bartlett
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum lycopersicum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, G.J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum macrocarpon L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum mammosum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum marginatum L. f.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum mariannense Hosok.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum mauritianum Scop.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum melanocerasum All.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum melongena L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum mucronatum O.E. Schulz
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum muricatum Aiton
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum nelsonii Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum nigrum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum nudum Kunth ex Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum parishii A. Heller
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum peruvianum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum phureja Juz. & Buk.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum physalifolium Rusby
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum pimpinellifolium Jusl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum pinnatisectum Dunal [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum polygamum Vahl
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum pseudocapsicum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum pseudogracile Heiser
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum pterocaulon Dunal [excluded]
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum ptycanthum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum pumilum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum pyrifolium Lam.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum quitoense Lam.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum racemosum Jacq.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum riedlei Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum robustum Wendl.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum rostratum Dunal
|
Solanum L.
|
Solanaceae
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum rugosum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum sandwicense Hook. & Arn.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum scabrum Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum seaforthianum Andrews
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum tampicense Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum tenuilobatum Parish
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum tenuipes Bartlett
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum tenuipes Bartlett var. latisectum M.D. Whalen
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum tenuipes Bartlett var. tenuipes
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum torvum Sw.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum triflorum Nutt.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum triquetrum Cav.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum tuberosum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum umbellatum Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum umbelliferum Eschsch.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum umbelliferum Eschsch. var. glabrescens Torr.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum umbelliferum Eschsch. var. incanum Torr.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum umbelliferum Eschsch. var. umbelliferum
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum viarum Dunal
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum villosum (L.) Mill.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum virginianum L.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum viride G. Forst. ex Spreng.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum wallacei (A. Gray) Parish
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum wendlandii Hook. f.
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum woodburyi Howard
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum xanti A. Gray
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum xanti A. Gray var. glabrescens Parish
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum xanti A. Gray var. hoffmannii Munz
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum xanti A. Gray var. intermedium Parish
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum xanti A. Gray var. montanum Munz
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum xanti A. Gray var. obispoense (Eastw.) Wiggins
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Solanum xanti A. Gray var. xanti
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Streptosolen jamesonii (Benth.) Miers
|
Streptosolen Miers
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal – withania
|
Withania Pauquy
|
|
USDA,2014
|
Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy var. grossii Pau
|
References and Further Reading
- Albuquerque LB, Velázquez A, Mayorga-Saucedo R (2006) Solanaceae composition, pollination and seed dispersal syndromes in Mexican Mountain Cloud Forest. Acta Bot. Bras., 20(3): 599-613.
- Barroso GM, Peixoto AL, Ichaso CLF, Costa CG, Guimarães EF, Lima HC (1991) Sistemática de Angiospermas do Brasil. v.3. Viçosa, Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
- Basu, SK and De, AK (2003) Capsicum: historical and botanical perspectives. In: De, A. K. (edited) Capsicum: The genus Capsicum. Taylor and Francis, UK. Chapter 1. pp. 1-15.
- Bohs L, Olmstead RG (1997) Phylogenetic relationships in Solanum (Solanaceae) based on ndhF sequences. Syst. Bot., 22: 5-17.
- Cipollini M, Levey DJ (1997a) Secondary metabolites of fleshy vertebrate-dispersed fruits: adaptive hypotheses and implications for seed dispersal. American Naturalist, 150: 346-372.
- Cipollini M, Levey DJ (1997b) Antifungal activity of Solanum fruit glyco-alkaloids: implications for frugivory and seed dispersal. Ecology, 78:799-809.
- D’Arcy WG (1986) Taxonomy and biogeography. Solanaceae biology and systematics. W.G. D’Arcy (ed.) New York, Columbia University Press.
- Evans WC (1986) Hybridization and secondary metabolism in the Solanaceae. Solanaceae biology and systematics. W.G. D’Arcy (ed.). New York, Columbia University Press.
- Galindo-González J (1998) Dispersión de semillas por murciélagos: su importancia en la conservación y regeneración del bosque tropical. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, 73: 57-74.
- Hunziker AT (1979) South American Solanaceae: a synoptic survey. The biology of the Solanaceae. Hawkes JG, Lester RN, Skelding AD (eds.). London, Linnean Society Symposium Series/Academic Press.
- Rzedowski J, Rzedowski GC (1985) Flora Fanerogámica del Valle de México. v. II. Mexico, Instituto de Ecología, A.C.
- Tamboia T, Cipollini ML, Levey DJ (1996) An evaluation of vertebrate seed dispersal syndromes in four species of black nightshade (Solanum sect. Solanum). Oecologia, 107: 522-532.
- USDA (2014) Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Family Solanaceae. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available at: https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Solanaceae&display=63 On 28th June, 2014
- Williams DE (1993) Lycianthes monziniana (Solanaceae): an underutilized Mexican food plant with “new” crop potential. Economic Botany, 47: 387-400.
