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Introduction to organic plant nutrition
Ensure that Plants are Given Optimal Nutrition and Water and Competing Weeds Controlled
An often quoted first rule of sustainable and organic agriculture is 'Grow a Healthy Crop' and proper nutrition and water are the foundations of crop health and therefore its pest and disease status. If there are shortages of particular nutrients, or the soil pH (acidity/alkalinity) is wrong, the crop may not be able to grow well.

Also, if weeds are not controlled they tend to outcompete vegetable crops for these valuable resources. Farmers should enquire with Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services, Kenya Agricultural Rerearch Institute or private companies for testing soils for acidity and nutrients and then take steps to correct deficiencies and problems. An excess of nutrients can also have unwanted effects including stimulating weed growth. For example, if too much nitrogenous fertiliser is used on brassicas, they can become very soft and sappy and susceptible to sucking pests. Water can also have a major influence. Heavy rainfall or overhead irrigation can have positive effects in washing off pests such as caterpillars and aphids, but can have negative effects in encouraging fungal and some bacterial diseases.

In organic farming artificial fertilisers which can easily be dissolved in water are not allowed:
  • Adding fertilisers that are easily dissolved in water can disable the soil micro-organisms.
  • By adding water dissolved plant nutrients, plants absorb these salts whether they need them or not.
  • When plants are forced to absorb nutrients they do not need, they become unbalanced, less healthy and more prone to insects and diseases.

Crop N/ha kg P/ha kg K/ha/ kg Micro Acidity, pH
Asparagus 100-150 0-15 100 B high
Maize 125-175 30-40 100-150 medium
Cauliflower 200-300 30-40 200-250 B,Mg,Mo high
Broccoli 175-225 30-40 200-240 B,Mg,Mo high
Kale 80-100 35-40 100-120 Mg medium
Cabbage 180-300 35-55 255-350 Mg, B high
Beans 0 25-35 75-80 medium
Peas 0 30-35 80-100 high
Onion 100-120 30-40 140-180 Mg medium
Leek 150-220 30-40 150-200 Mg, Mn, B high
Potato 95-100 35 125-170 Mg, Mn low
Carrot 0-100 25 250 B,Mg,Mn medium
Red beet 125-150 30-40 150-200 Mg,B medium
Lettuce 75 12 100 Ca, Mg medium
Squash 200-225 30-40 130-150 high
B=Boron, Mg=magnesium, Mn=manganese, Mo=molybdenum, Ca=calcium

Calcium and magnesium also affect what we call soil pH, or soil acidity. Apart from being plant nutrients, these two elements are added when the soil is too acidic for plants to grow well. We put lime on the soil. Some crops like potatoes do not like very much lime.

The way the figures in the table above are derived, are based on analysis on content in mature crop plant tissue. It reflects more how much a crop is able to absorb, than what it actually needs for balanced growth.

Plant nutrients
Left: Plant given balanced nutrition - low content of soluble nutrients Right: Plant given nutrition high in soluble nutrients like nitrogen and potassium
Such tables can be used to see which crops are heavy feeders and which ones need acidity and which ones do not.

Most of the time animal manure contains all the micro nutrients, but sometimes when the land on which animals graze is deficient in something, also the manure these animals make can have low content of some micronutrients.

Composts and manures mostly contain all the plant nutrients needed.
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Overview of plant nutrients
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is the element that plants require in greatest amounts. It is the most important-yet the most often deficient-element in plant growth worldwide. Nitrogen is essential to the photosynthesis and healthy cell growth and reproduction. It is vital in producing chlorophyll (which gives the leaves good green color) and amino acids. It also promotes shoot and leaf growth.

Nitrogen deficiencies in maize
© American Phytopathological Society
Nitrogen deficiency in maize causes yellowing of older leaves, progressing upward. In young maize plants, nitrogen deficiency causes the whole plant to be pale yellowish green with spindly stalks. In organic farming commercial nitrogen fertilisers are not allowed but legumes can be grown that fix nitrogen directly from the air at no cost except the seeds. Legumes seeds such as lucerne, beans, peas, clover, vetch and many others which fix nitrogen from the air are available. Many of them can be used for interplanting between various crops to help supply nitrogen. Also many legume trees can help fix nitrogen if planted in rows between crops.

To ensure the soil microorganisms are able to fix the nitrogen from the air, air must enter into the soil. If the soil has a hard surface and is compacted or eroded this cannot happen. So a healthy soil must be soft and full of airholes. This is normally the case when the soil is shaded, mulched or covered with crops.

Nitrogen fixing nodules on beans
If the farm has animals it is a good idea to grow one crop of pasture like lucerne to cut for these animals. While growing the legumes will fix nitrogen. Some will be used as animal feed. When ploughing in the legume before another crop a large amount will still be left in the soil to be used by following crops. This is then called green manure.

Phosphorous
Phosphorus is required for cell growth and plant reproduction, and is crucial for flower and fruit formation. Too little phosphorus can result in stunting, but too much can cause bitter flavor in crops. Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency are often mistakenly attributed to viral diseases.

Phosphorous is found in soil particles in animal manure and plant tissue. It is not easy to dissolve in water, so plants often miss phosphorous if the level of organic matter in the soil is low.

Healthy soil which is rich in organic matter contains some fungi called mychorrhiza which attach themselves to many plant roots and help the roots extract (pull out) phosphorous from the soil. The only plants that do not have mychorrhiza on them in organic soils, are plants from the cabbage family. In conventional soils mychoirrhiza are often either absent or very few, as they do not develop with large amounts of added phosphorous salts in the soil. Mychorriza are very useful microorganisms, and need to be fed properly with organic material to digest.

Potassium
The above table shows very large uptake of potassium by many crops. Plants take up large amounts of potassium when available because they can, not always because need it. But plants do need potassium in fairly large amounts.

Potassium can easily move within the plant, so symptoms of deficiency will appear on old leaves first as the plant tries to continue growing. So old leaves will start getting yellow spots followed by wilted leaf margins and tips. Sometimes the leaves start curling up.

Potassium can be found in wood ashes, plant tissue, urine and manure. The African soils do not have large amounts of potassium, as it easily washes out with rain.

Potassium (K) is needed by plants in fairly large amounts.

Calcium
Calcium is needed for cell division and plant growth. Its buffering characteristics are critical to soil balance and largely determine the availability of other nutrients. Lack of calcium results in yellow or pale leaves, and causes blossom-end rot on tomatoes and peppers. A deficiency in beans causes yellow leaves with curling margins, stunted plants, and blackened, dying shoot tips. Deficiency causes brown-tipped leaves on cabbage, forked roots in beets, and unusually small potatoes.

Calcium deficiency in tomato

Micro-nutrients
Unless soils are deficient in one or more micro nutrients, organic farmers do not need to over worry about them. If enough organic waste is returned to the soil, also the micro-nutrients are supplied.

Deficiencies are common, for instance all Rift Valley soils in Kenya are more or less deficient in copper. If organic waste is used this is not easy to see, but conventional wheat and barley farmers have to treat their seed and later on spray copper onto the crops to be able to harvest good yields.

Selenium is another mineral that can sometimes be deficient. Selenium deficiency has an impact on fertility of animals, so if the deficiency is serious, the animals will have trouble becoming pregnant.
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Information Source Links
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Calcium deficiency in cabbage exhibits characteristic "tip burn" at tips/edges of the leaf. Leaves are deformed and cabbage head will not form if supplemental calcium is not applied. Cupping of leaves is typical.
© David B. Langston, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process in which the light energy, water, and carbon dioxide are converted into carbohydrate and oxygen through the chlorophyll of plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and lichens
Organic agriculture
Holistic farming system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. It emphasizes the set-up of a balanced agro-ecosystem and is based on methods like crop rotation, intercropping, green manures, organic manures, biological pest control etc. The farm can be certified organic if the specified organic standards are fully met
organic
Refers to the farming system and products described in the IFOAM standard and not to 'organic chemistry'.
Fungi
Occurring worldwide, most fungi are largely invisible to the naked eye, living for the most part in soil, dead matter, and as symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi. They perform an essential role in all ecosystems in decomposing organic matter and are indispensable in nutrient cycling and exchange. Some fungi become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or molds.

Fungi are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases such as blight, grey mould, bunts, powdery mildew, and downy mildew. Crops of all kinds often suffer heavy losses.

Fungal plant diseases are usually managed with applications of chemical fungicides or heavy metals. In some cases, conventional breeding has provided fungus resistantcultivars.

Besides combatting yield losses, preventing fungal infection keeps crops free of toxic compounds produced by some pathogenic fungi. These compounds, often referred to as mycotoxins, can affect affect the immune system and disrupt hormone balances. Some mycotoxins are carcinogenic.
Conventional
Refers to any material, production or processing practices that is not certified organic or organic in-conversion.
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae, also known as the crucifers, the mustard family or cabbage family is a family of flowering plants. The name Brassicaceae is derived from the included genus Brassica. The family contains well-known species such as Brassica oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower...), Brassica rapa (turnip, Chinese cabbage...), Brassica napus (rapeseed...) and many more.
IPM
A combination of chemical and biological control methods, based on the concept of economic tresholds. Pest management in organic farming uses many biological control methods developed as par of IPM.
Microorganism
A microorganism is an organism that is microscopic (usually too small to be seen by the naked human eye). Microorganisms are very diverse. They include bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists; microscopic plants (called green algae); and animals such as plankton, the planarian and the amoeba. Some also include viruses, but others consider these as non-living.