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On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. The other two were called Tryon County (later renamed Montgomery County) and Charlotte County (later renamed Washington County). From 1772 to 1786 Albany County included, besides the present territory of Albany County, all of the present Columbia County, as well as what are now Rensselaer, Saratoga, and Schenectady Counties, parts of the present Greene and Washington Counties, and a piece of what is now southwestern Vermont.
In 1786, Columbia County was split off from Albany County.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,679 km² (648 mi²). 1,647 km² (636 mi²) of it is land and 32 km² (13 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.93% water.
There are 24,796 households out of which 29.90% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.20% are married couples living together, 10.30% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.10% are non-families. 27.10% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.50% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.43 and the average family size is 2.95.
In the county the population is spread out with 24.10% under the age of 18, 6.40% from 18 to 24, 26.90% from 25 to 44, 26.30% from 45 to 64, and 16.40% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.30 males.
The median income for a household in the county is $41,915, and the median income for a family is $49,357. Males have a median income of $34,702 versus $25,878 for females. The per capita income for the county is $22,265. 9.00% of the population and 6.40% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 11.80% are under the age of 18 and 6.80% are 65 or older.
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