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On July 3, 1766, Cumberland County was created from a part of Albany County now in Vermont, followed on March 16, 1770 by Gloucester County, also now in Vermont.
Then, on March 12, 1772, Albany County was divided into the counties of Albany, Tryon (now Montgomery), and Charlotte (now Washington). From 1772 to 1786 Albany County included, besides the present territory of Albany County, all of the present Columbia, Rensselaer, Saratoga, and Schenectady Counties, parts of the present Greene and Washington Counties, and a piece of what is now southwestern Vermont.
In 1786, Columbia County was split off from Albany County.
In 1791, Rensselaer and Saratoga Counties were split off from Albany County. Also the Town of Cambridge was transferred to Washington County.
In 1795, Schoharie County was created from parts of Albany and Otsego Counties.
In 1800, Greene County was created from parts of Albany and Ulster Counties.
In 1809, Schenectady County was split off from Albany County.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,381 km² (533 mi²). 1,356 km² (523 mi²) of it is land and 25 km² (10 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.83% water.
There are 120,512 households out of which 27.90% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.20% are married couples living together, 12.20% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.10% are non-families. 33.00% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.30% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.32 and the average family size is 2.99.
In the county the population is spread out with 22.60% under the age of 18, 11.30% from 18 to 24, 28.80% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 14.50% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 91.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.80 males.
The median income for a household in the county is $42,935, and the median income for a family is $56,724. Males have a median income of $39,838 versus $30,127 for females. The per capita income for the county is $23,345. 10.60% of the population and 7.20% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 12.90% are under the age of 18 and 7.30% are 65 or older.
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