New courses in Brain and Cognitive Sciences from MIT OpenCourseWare, provider of free and open MIT course materials. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences 2022-02-11T17:22:27+05:00 MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu en-US Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course surveys the core perceptual and cognitive abilities of the human mind and asks how they are implemented in the brain. Key themes include the representations, development, and degree of functional specificity of these components of mind and brain. The course will take students straight to the cutting edge of the field, empowering them to understand and critically evaluate empirical articles in the current literature. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-13-the-human-brain-spring-2019 Spring 2019 Kanwisher, Nancy 2021-10-27T11:58:30+05:00 9.13 en-US perceptual functions cognitive functions functional organization cortical regions networks cognitive neuroscience neuroanatomy experimental design visual pathway reward system speech, music auditory skills language mentalizing theory of mind deep networks attention awareness MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course introduces quantitative approaches to understanding brain and cognitive functions. Topics include mathematical description of neurons, the response of neurons to sensory stimuli, simple neuronal networks, statistical inference and decision making. It also covers foundational quantitative tools of data analysis in neuroscience: correlation, convolution, spectral analysis, principal components analysis, and mathematical concepts including simple differential equations and linear algebra. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-40-introduction-to-neural-computation-spring-2018 Spring 2018 Fee, Michale Zysman, Daniel 2020-06-26T17:37:54+05:00 9.40 en-US timescale of diffusion length scales Fick's First Law Ohm's Law and resistivity charge drift neurons injected currents membrane capacitance RC model differential equations Integrate and Fire model batteries of neuron circuit diagram HH Model voltage clamp time dependence potassium current conductance Hodgkin-Huxley gating variables sodium channel dendrite leaky dendrite non-leaky dendrite length constant dendritic radius electrotonic length two-compartment model equivalent circuit model synaptic transmission convolution linear kernel spike train synaptic saturation somatic inhibition dendritic inhibition extracellular spike waveforms local field potentials local field potentials spike signals low-pass high-pass threshold crossing peri-stimulus time histogram PSTH firing rate smoothing spike train linear filter Spatio-temporal Receptive Field STRF Spike Triggered Average Poisson Process Fano Factor Interspike Interval ISI convolution cross-correlation autocorrelation Fourier series complex fourier series fourier transform discrete fourier transform Fast Fourier Transform FFT power spectrum Fourier transform pairs Gaussian Noise Spectral estimation Shannon-Nyquist Theorem zero padding line noise removal windows and tapers spectrograms multi-taper spectral analysis DPSS filtering methods rate model vector notation vector algebra perceptrons neuronal logic linear separability invariance two-layer feedforward networks matrix algebra matrix transformations linear independence eigenvectors eigenvalues covariance matrix Principal Components Analysis PCA recurrent networks autapse networks storing memories decision-making winner-take-all Hopfield network capacity long-term memory short-term memory energy landscape MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm How do we decide whether an action is morally wrong? How do we choose to do what is right? When and why do we punish wrong-doers? Moral behavior and moral evaluation are functions of the human brain. It is just becoming possible to use neuroscientific methods to understand how they work. This course will consider the mechanisms of morality as a question for neuroscientists. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-46-neuroscience-of-morality-fall-2017 Fall 2017 Saxe, Rebecca 2018-02-01T21:26:43+05:00 9.46 en-US Cognition Neuroscience Morality False belief Decision Perception Thought Intelligence ToM Theory of Mind Decision making Judgment rTPJ Social MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm Hands-on experience designing, conducting, analyzing, and presenting experiments on the structure and processing of human language. Focuses on constructing, conducting, analyzing, and presenting an original and independent experimental project of publishable quality. Develops skills in reading and writing scientific research reports in cognitive science, including evaluating the methods section of a published paper, reading and understanding graphical displays and statistical claims about data, and evaluating theoretical claims based on experimental data. Instruction and practice in oral and written communication provided. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-59j-lab-in-psycholinguistics-spring-2017 Spring 2017 Gibson, Edward 2018-01-24T20:31:07+05:00 9.59J 24.905J en-US linguistics language psychology comprehension sentence symbolic lexicon syntax semantics programming R statistics analysis data mechanical turk pragmatics prosody memory context regression MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm Provides students with the basic tools for analyzing experimental data, properly interpreting statistical reports in the literature, and reasoning under uncertain situations. Topics organized around three key theories: Probability, statistical, and the linear model. Probability theory covers axioms of probability, discrete and continuous probability models, law of large numbers, and the Central Limit Theorem. Statistical theory covers estimation, likelihood theory, Bayesian methods, bootstrap and other Monte Carlo methods, as well as hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, elementary design of experiments principles and goodness-of-fit. The linear model theory covers the simple regression model and the analysis of variance. Places equal emphasis on theory, data analyses, and simulation studies. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-07-statistics-for-brain-and-cognitive-science-fall-2016 Fall 2016 Brown, Emery N. 2017-10-10T19:34:26+05:00 9.07 en-US statistics cognitive science neuroscience economics statistical theory probability theory discrete probability models law of large numbers independent random variables conditional distributions variance covariance correlation moment generating functions method of momentum estimation likelihood theory propagation of error bootstrap monte carlo hypothesis testing regression analysis of variance ANOVA bayes bayesian methods confidence intervals goodness of fit MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course, as a part of MIT's Center for Neurobiological Engineering curriculum, explores cutting-edge neurotechnology that is essential for advances in all aspects of neuroscience, including improvements in existing methods as well as the development, testing and discussion of completely new paradigms. Readings and in-class sessions cover the fields of electrophysiology, light microscopy, cellular engineering, optogenetics, electron microscopy, MRI / fMRI, and MEG / EEG. The course is designed with lectures that cover the background, context, and theoretical descriptions of neurotechnologies, and labs, which provide firsthand demonstrations as well as in situ lab tours. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-123-neurotechnology-in-action-fall-2014 Fall 2014 Jasanoff, Alan Boyden, Edward Jonas, Maxine 2015-06-23T15:21:15+05:00 9.123 20.203 en-US Neurotechnology neuron electrophysiology light microscopy cellular engineering optogenetics electron microscopy MRI/fMRI functional MRI MEG/EEG MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course provides an outline of vertebrate functional neuroanatomy, aided by studies of comparative neuroanatomy and evolution, and by studies of brain development. Topics include early steps to a central nervous system, basic patterns of brain and spinal cord connections, regional development and differentiation, regeneration, motor and sensory pathways and structures, systems underlying motivations, innate action patterns, formation of habits, and various cognitive functions. In addition, lab techniques are reviewed and students perform brain dissections. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring-2014 Spring 2014 Schneider, Gerald E. 2015-02-11T19:25:25+05:00 9.14 en-US brain neuroanatomy CNS central nervous system neuron brain structure and anatomy neurosystems sensory systems limbic system hypothalmus neocortex corpus striatum MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course examines the neural bases of sensory perception. The focus is on physiological and anatomical studies of the mammalian nervous system as well as behavioral studies of animals and humans. Topics include visual pattern, color and depth perception, auditory responses and sound localization, and somatosensory perception. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-04-sensory-systems-fall-2013 Fall 2013 Schiller, Peter H. Brown, M. Christian 2014-10-28T15:06:48+05:00 9.04 en-US sensory systems visual system auditory system visual processing auditory processing perception sensorimotor control nervous system depth perception auditory responses speech coding spatial localization retina lateral geniculate nucleus visual cortex auditory nerve Cochlear brainstem reflexes sound localization auditory cortex echolocation MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm The introductory topics will cover various approaches to the study of animals and their behavior. Key concepts in studies of animal behavior, emphasizing ethology, are covered in class and in the assigned readings from Scott (2005), supplemented by selections from other books, especially from classics in the field as well as selected videos. Next, key concepts in sociobiology are covered using readings from Alcock (2001), supplemented by selections from additional books and some video presentations. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-20-animal-behavior-fall-2013 Fall 2013 Schneider, Gerald E. 2014-08-15T14:47:49+05:00 9.20 en-US animal behavior ethology behavioral organization sociobiology mammals behavioral ecology naturalists behavioral evolution social organization sexuality mating reproduction animal learning antipredatory behavior feeding foraging adaptive behavior MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course examines interpersonal and group dynamics, considers how the thoughts, feelings, and actions of individuals are influenced by (and influence) the beliefs, values, and practices of large and small groups. Learning occurs through a combination of lectures, demonstrations and in-class activities complemented by participation in small study groups and completion of homework assignments. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-70-social-psychology-spring-2013 Spring 2013 Chorover, Stephan L. 2014-06-13T20:47:03+05:00 9.70 en-US group dynamics thoughts feelings actions influence beliefs values practices groups psychology social psychology ethics self-esteem aggression social psychology social behavior cognition attention emotion motivation personality behavior interpersonal relationships human activity physiological neurological MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course studies the relations of affect to cognition and behavior, feeling to thinking and acting, and values to beliefs and practices. These connections will be considered at the psychological level of organization and in terms of their neurobiological and sociocultural counterparts. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-68-affect-neurobiological-psychological-and-sociocultural-counterparts-of-feelings-spring-2013 Spring 2013 Chorover, Stephan L. 2014-06-11T20:56:59+05:00 9.68 en-US Affect cognition behavior feeling thinking acting values beliefs practices relations organization neurobiology sociocultural psychology stress ecological identity human relationship with nature MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm Systems Neuroscience Laboratory consists of a series of laboratories designed to give students experience with basic techniques for conducting systems neuroscience research. It includes sessions on anatomical, neurophysiological, and data acquisition and analysis techniques, and the ways these techniques are used to study nervous system function. Training is provided in the art of scientific writing with feedback designed to improve writing skills. Assignments include weekly preparation for lab sessions, two major research reports and a series of basic computer programming tutorials (MATLAB®). The class involves the use of experimental animals. Enrollment is limited. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-17-systems-neuroscience-lab-spring-2013 Spring 2013 DiCarlo, James Tye, Kay 2013-12-11T13:08:35+05:00 9.17 en-US laboratory experiment protocol neuroscience nerves nervous system electrophysiology action potential neurophysiology rat barrel MATLAB frog fly vision physiology human MRI EEG electroencephalography ablation computer modeling techniques brain function histology neural tissue surgery laboratory notebook scientific writing MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course is an introduction to cognitive development focusing on children's understanding of objects, agents, and causality. It develops a critical understanding of experimental design. The course discusses how developmental research might address philosophical questions about the origins of knowledge, appearance and reality, and the problem of other minds. It provides instruction and practice in written communication as needed for cognitive science research (including critical reviews of journal papers, a literature review and an original research proposal), as well as instruction and practice in oral communication in the form of a poster presentation of a journal paper. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-85-infant-and-early-childhood-cognition-fall-2012 Fall 2012 Schulz, Laura 2013-10-24T14:40:49+05:00 9.85 en-US infant cognition early childhood cognition cognitive development developmental psychology psychology developmental research Piaget object knowledge object individuation object concept agents causal knowledge theory of mind causation causal transformations MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course uses neuroscience methods to study the cognitive development of human infants and children. Case studies draw from research on face recognition, language, executive function, representations of objects, number and theory of mind. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-s915-developmental-cognitive-neuroscience-spring-2012 Spring 2012 Carey, Susan Saxe, Rebecca 2012-12-13T20:02:15+05:00 9.S915 en-US development cognition theory of mind neuroscience childhood learning plasticity executive function perception MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course is a survey of the scientific study of human nature, including how the mind works, and how the brain supports the mind. Topics include the mental and neural bases of perception, emotion, learning, memory, cognition, child development, personality, psychopathology, and social interaction. Students will consider how such knowledge relates to debates about nature and nurture, free will, consciousness, human differences, self, and society. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-00sc-introduction-to-psychology-fall-2011 Fall 2011 Gabrieli, John 2012-05-01T18:18:05+05:00 9.00SC en-US psychology brain vision attention consciousness learning memory language thinking intelligence emotion personality human development stress psychopathology social psychology MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm 9.63 teaches principles of experimental methods in human perception and cognition, including design and statistical analysis. The course combines lectures and hands-on experimental exercises and requires an independent experimental project. Some experience in programming is desirable. To foster improved writing and presentation skills in conducting and critiquing research in cognitive science, students are required to provide reports and give oral presentations of three team experiments. A fourth individually conducted experiment includes a proposal with revision, and concluding written and oral reports. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-63-laboratory-in-visual-cognition-fall-2009 Fall 2009 Oliva, Aude 2010-06-15T18:26:48+05:00 9.63 en-US cognitive science human perception cognition statistical analysis signal detection theory single factor design factorial design matlab correlational studies ethics in research visual cognition thought psychology and cognitive science information processing organization of visual cognitive abilities. MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm Humans are social animals; social demands, both cooperative and competitive, structure our development, our brain and our mind. This course covers social development, social behaviour, social cognition and social neuroscience, in both human and non-human social animals. Topics include altruism, empathy, communication, theory of mind, aggression, power, groups, mating, and morality. Methods include evolutionary biology, neuroscience, cognitive science, social psychology and anthropology. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-916-special-topics-social-animals-fall-2009 Fall 2009 Saxe, Rebecca 2010-05-07T19:14:05+05:00 9.916 en-US social animals social animals society human society members community living together mutual benefit people region country world whole association body individuals functional interdependence national or cultural identity social solidarity language or hierarchical organization patterns of relationships between individuals sharing a distinctive culture and institutions groups economic social or industrial infrastructure made up of a varied collection of individuals ethnic groups nation state broader cultural group organized voluntary association of people for religious benevolent cultural scientific political patriotic or other purposes. MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course provides an introduction to important philosophical questions about the mind, specifically those that are intimately connected with contemporary psychology and neuroscience. Are our concepts innate, or are they acquired by experience? (And what does it even mean to call a concept 'innate'?) Are 'mental images' pictures in the head? Is color in the mind or in the world? Is the mind nothing more than the brain? Can there be a science of consciousness? The course will include guest lectures by Professors. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-35-sensation-and-perception-spring-2009 Spring 2009 Balas, Benjamin 2009-12-21T21:59:46+05:00 9.35 en-US vision sensation perception psychophysics illusion depth parallax motion occlusion matching recognition smell taste hearing perspective sight figure ground completion modal senses stimuli system vision perception color motion form depth. MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm An opportunity for graduate study of advanced subjects in Brain and Cognitive Sciences not included in other subject listings. The key topics covered in this course are Bipolar Disorder, Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Genetics of Psychiatric Disorder, DISC1, Ca++ Signaling, Neurogenesis and Depression, Lithium and GSK3 Hypothesis, Behavioral Assays, CREB in Addiction and Depressive Behaviors, The GABA System-I, The GABA System-II, The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia, The Dopamine Pathway and DARPP32. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-914-special-topics-genetics-neurobiology-and-pathophysiology-of-psychiatric-disorders-fall-2008 Fall 2008 Scolnick, Edward Tsai, Li-Huei 2009-12-11T21:27:22+05:00 9.914 en-US Brain and Cognitive Sciences Bipolar Disorder Psychosis Schizophrenia Genetics of Psychiatric Disorder DISC1 Ca++ Signaling Neurogenesis & Depression Lithium and GSK3 Hypothesis Behavioral Assays CREB in Addiction & Depressive Behaviors The GABA System-I The GABA System-II The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia The Dopamine Pathway & DARPP32 Genetics Neurobiology Pathophysiology Psychiatry MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm We are now at an unprecedented point in the field of neuroscience: We can watch the human brain in action as it sees, thinks, decides, reads, and remembers. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the only method that enables us to monitor local neural activity in the normal human brain in a noninvasive fashion and with good spatial resolution. A large number of far-reaching and fundamental questions about the human mind and brain can now be answered using straightforward applications of this technology. This is particularly true in the area of high-level vision, the study of how we interpret and use visual information including object recognition, mental imagery, visual attention, perceptual awareness, visually guided action, and visual memory. The goals of this course are to help students become savvy and critical readers of the current neuroimaging literature, to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, and to design their own cutting-edge, theoretically motivated studies. Students will read, present to the class, and critique recently published neuroimaging articles, as well as write detailed proposals for experiments of their own. Lectures will cover the theoretical background on some of the major areas in high-level vision, as well as an overview of what fMRI has taught us and can in future teach us about each of these topics. Lectures and discussions will also cover fMRI methods and experimental design. A prior course in statistics and at least one course in perception or cognition are required. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive-sciences/9-71-functional-mri-of-high-level-vision-fall-2007 Fall 2007 Kanwisher, Nancy 2009-09-10T16:23:03+05:00 9.71 en-US functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neural activity human brain noninvasive resolution high-level vision object recognition visual attention perceptual awareness visually guided action visual memory voxelwise analysis conjugate mirroring interleaved stimulus presentation magnetization following excitation active voxels scanner drift trial sorting collinear factors different model factors mock scanner scanner session visual stimulation task hemoglobin signal labeling plane nearby voxels shimming coils bias field estimation conscious encoding spiral imaging functional resolution hemodynamic activity direct cortical stimulation physiological noise refractory effects independent statistical tests. MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm