Respiratory System
1. What is the difference
between respiration meaning
gas exchange and cellular
respiration?
2. What is the chemical
equation of the aerobic
cellular respiration?
3. Considering the chemical
equation of the aerobic
cellular respiration which
molecules does the cell need
and which molecules does it
liberate in the process?
4. What are the different types
of gas exchange that occur in
animals?
5. Oxygen comes from the
environment and carbon
dioxide in the end returns to
the environment. How do
small animals solve the
problem of taking away and
bringing these molecules
from / to their cells? Why isn't
that solution possible for
larger animals?
6. Beings from four phyla of
the animal kingdom “breath”
(do gas exchange) by
diffusion. Which are those
phyla? How is this type of
respiration associated to
features present in those
animals?
7. Which animals make
tracheal respiration? Is there
a blood-like fluid that
participates in this process?
8. What is the difference
between respiration by
diffusion and cutaneous
respiration? Does blood
participate in cutaneous
respiration?
9. Which animals make
cutaneous respiration?
10. What are branchiae? What
are examples of animals that
“breath” through branchiae?
11. What is the difference
between gills and lungs?
12. Besides vertebrates two
invertebrate phyla contain
species that make pulmonary
respiration. Which are these
phyla?
13. What are the three types
of respiration in which the
circulatory system transports
gases?
14. What are respiratory
pigments? What are some
respiratory pigments and in
which animal groups can each
of them be found?
15. What are the organs that
form the human respiratory
system?
16. What is the anatomical
reason for the left bronchus to
be more elevated than the
right bronchus? Why in most
cases of aspiration of foreign
material by children is the
object found in the right
bronchus?
17. How does the body defend
itself from microorganisms
and other harmful substances
that enter the airway during
the breathing process?
18. Which are the respiratory
muscles in mammals?
19. How are inhalation and
expiration carried out?
20. What is the difference
between arterial and venous
blood?
21. What is hematosis? In
humans where does
hematosis occur?
22. What are the blood vessels
that carry venous blood to the
heart? What is the blood
vessel that collects arterial
blood from the heart?
23. What is the gas exchange
unit of the mammalian lungs?
24. What is the physical
process through which gas
exchange is accomplished in
the pulmonary alveoli?
25. What is the structure of
the central nervous system
that regulates pulmonary
respiration?
26. What is the chemical
equation of the formation of
bicarbonate from carbon
dioxide and water? What is
the enzyme that catalyzes this
reaction?
27. What are the
consequences of shifting the
chemical equilibrium of the
formation of bicarbonate from
carbon dioxide and water
towards the increase of
product (bicarbonate)
formation?
28. What are the
consequences of shifting the
chemical equilibrium of the
formation of bicarbonate from
carbon dioxide and water
towards the consumption of
products of the reverse
reaction?
29. How does the pulmonary
ventilation affect the carbon
dioxide concentration in
blood? What happens to the
carbon dioxide concentration
and to the blood pH when the
respiratory frequency is either
lowered or increased?
30. What are acidosis and
alkalosis?
31. How does the breathing
process correct acidosis?
32. How does the breathing
process correct alkalosis?
33. What is the difference
between respiratory acidosis
and metabolic acidosis and
what is the difference
between respiratory alkalosis
and metabolic alkalosis?
34. Where are the
chemoreceptors that detect
the acidity of the blood and
trigger the respiratory
compensation located?