Practical RF System Design
From the Preface:
This book is about RF system analysis and design at the level that requires an understanding of the interaction between the modules of a system so the ultimate performance can be predicted. It describes concepts that are advanced, that is, beyond those that are more commonly taught, because these are necessary to the understanding of effects encountered in practice. It is about answering questions such as:
* How will the gain of a cascade (a group of modules in series) be affected by the SWR specifications of its modules?
* How will noise on a local oscillator affect receiver noise figure and desensitization?
* How is the effective noise figure of a mixer affected by the filtering that precedes it?
* How can we determine the linearity of a cascade from specifications on its modules?
* How do we expect intermodulation products (IMs) to change with signal amplitude and why do they sometimes change differently?
* How can modules be combined in a way that reduces certain IMs or turn bad impedance matches into good matches?
* How can the spurious response in a frequency conversion be visualized and how can the magnitudes of the spurs be determined? How can this picture be used to determine filter requirements?
* How does phase noise affect system performance; what are its sources and how can the effects be predicted?
Table of Contents:
Chapter 4 Nonlinearity in the Signal Path
Chapter 5 Noise and Nonlinearities
Chapter 6 Architectures That Improve Linearity
Chapter 7 Frequency Conversion
Chapter 8 Contaminating Signals in Severe Nonlinearities
Note: there are approximately 64 examples in these 9 chapters.
Preface
Glossary and Symbols
1 Introduction
1.1 System Design Process
1.2 Organization of the Book
1.3 Appendixes
1.4 Spreadsheets
1.5 Test and Simulation
1.6 Practical Skepticism
1.7 References
2 Gain
2.1 Simple Cases
2.2 General Case
2.2.1 S Parameters
2.2.2 Normalized Waves
2.2.3 T Parameters
2.2.4 Relationship Between S and T Parameters
2.2.5 Restriction on T Parameters
2.2.6 Cascade Response
2.3 Simplification, Unilateral Modules
2.3.1 Module Gain
2.3.2 Transmission Line Interconnections
2.3.2.1 Effective Power Gain
2.3.2.2 Power Delivered to the Load
2.3.2.3 Phase Variation due to Reflection
2.3.2.4 Generalization to Bilateral Modules
2.3.3 Overall Response, Standard Cascade
2.3.3.1 Gain
2.3.3.2 End Elements in the Cascade
2.3.3.3 Phase
3.3.3.4 Cascade Calculations
2.3.4 Combined with Bilateral Modules
2.3.5 Lossy Interconnections
2.3.6 Additional Considerations
2.3.6.1 Variations in SWRs
2.3.6.2 Reflections at Interconnects
2.3.6.3 Parameters in Composite Modules
2.4 Non-Standard Impedances
2.5 The Use of Sensitivities to Find Variations
2.6 Summary
3 Noise Figure
3.1 Noise Factor and Noise Figure
3.2 Modules in Cascade
3.3 Applicable Gains and Noise Factors
3.4 Noise Figure of an Attenuator
3.5 Noise Figure of an Interconnect
3.6 Cascade Example
3.7 Expected Value and Variance of Noise Figure
3.8 Impedance-dependent Noise Factors
3.8.1 Representation
3.8.2 Constant Noise Circles
3.8.3 Relation to Standard Noise Factor
3.8.4 Using the Theoretical Noise Factor
3.8.5 Summary
3.9 Image Noise, Mixers
3.9.1 Effective Noise Figure of the Mixer
3.9.2 Verification for Simple Cases
3.9.3 Examples of Image Noise
3.10 Extreme Mismatch, Voltage Amplifiers
3.10.1 Module Noise Factor
3.10.2 Cascade Noise Factor
3.10.3 Combined with Unilateral Modules
3.10.4 Equivalent Noise Factor
3.11 Using Noise-Figure Sensitivities
3.12 Mixed Cascade Example
3.12.1 Effect of Some Resistor Changes
3.12.2 Accounting for Other Reflections
3.12.3 Using Sensitivities
3.13 Gain Controls
3.13.1 Automatic Gain Control
3.13.2 Level Control
3.14 Summary
4 Nonlinearity in the Signal Path
6 Architectures that Improve Linearity
8 Contaminating Signals in Severe Nonlinearities
Appendix E: Example of Frequency Conversion
Appendix F: Some Related Formulas
F.1 Decibels
F.2 Reflection Coefficient and SWR
F.3 Combining SWRs
F.3.1 Summary of Results
F.3.2 Development
F.3.3 Maximum SWR
F.3.4 Minimum SWR
F.3.5 Relaxing Restrictions
F.4 Impedance Transformations in Cables
F.5 Smith Chart
Appendix G: Types of Power Gain
G.1 Available Gain
G.2 Maximum Available Gain
G.3 Transducer Gain
G.4 Insertion Gain
G.5 Actual Gain
Appendix H: Formulas Relating to IMs and Harmonics
H.1 Second Harmonics
H.2 Second-Order IMs
H.3 Third Harmonics
H.4 Third-Order IMs
H.5 Definition of Terms
Appendix I: Changing the Standard Impedance
I.1 General Case
I.2 Unilateral Module
Appendix L: Power Delivered to the Load
Appendix M: Matrix Multiplications
Appendix N: Noise Factors, Standard and Theoretical
N.1 Theoretical Noise Factor
N.2 Standard Noise Factor
N.3 Standard Modules and Standard Noise Factor
N.4 Module Noise Factor In a Standard Cascade
N.5 How Can This Be?
N.6 Noise Factor of an Interconnect
N.6.1 Noise Factor with Mismatch
N.6.2 In More Usable Terms
N.6.3 Verification
N.6.4 Comparison with Theoretical Value
N.7 Effect of Source Impedance
N.8 Ratio of Power Gains
Appendix P: IM Products in a Mixer
Appendix R is not included in the book. It is available on the Wiley web site.
Appendix R: Reflections and Mismatches in Interconnects
R.1 Reflections
R.2 Mismatches
R.2.1 Procedure
R.2.2 Comments
R.2.3 Example
R.2.3.1 Eighth Wavelength Line
R.2.3.2 Unknown Interconnect Length
Appendix S: Composite S Parameters
Appendix T: Third-Order Terms at Input Frequency
Appendix V: Sensitivities and Variance of Noise Figure
Appendix X: Crossover Spurs
Appendix Z: Nonstandard Modules
Z.1 Gain of a Chain of Modules Relative to Tested Gain
Z.2 Finding the Maximum Available Gain of a Module
Z.3 Interconnects
Z.4 Equivalent S Parameters
Z.5 S Parameters for a Cascade of Nonstandard Modules
References
Index