Acceleration

Read this text. Pay attention to the examples which show how to solve equations of motion. These include how to calculate displacement, given average velocity and time, and how to calculate final velocity, given initial velocity, acceleration, and time.

Example 2.7 Calculating Deceleration: The Subway Train

Finally, suppose the train in Figure 2.22 slows to a stop from a velocity of 20.0 km/h in 10.0 s. What is its average acceleration?

Strategy

Once again, let's draw a sketch:

A velocity vector arrow pointing to the left with initial velocity of negative twenty point 0 kilometers per hour and a final velocity of 0. An acceleration vector arrow pointing toward the right, labeled a equals question mark.

Figure 2.23

As before, we must find the change in velocity and the change in time to calculate average acceleration.

Solution

1. Identify the knowns. $v_{0}=-20 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}, v_{\mathrm{f}}=0 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}, \Delta t=10.0 \mathrm{~s}$

2. Calculate $\Delta v$ . The change in velocity here is actually positive, since

$\Delta v=v_{\mathrm{f}}-v_{0}=0-(-20 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h})=+20 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$

3. Solve for $\bar{a}$ .

$\bar{a}=\frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}=\frac{+20.0 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}}{10.0 \mathrm{~s}}$

4. Convert units.

$\bar{a}=\left(\frac{+20.0 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}}{10.0 \mathrm{~s}}\right)\left(\frac{10^{3} \mathrm{~m}}{1 \mathrm{~km}}\right)\left(\frac{1 \mathrm{~h}}{3600 \mathrm{~s}}\right)=+0.556 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$

Discussion

The plus sign means that acceleration is to the right. This is reasonable because the train initially has a negative velocity (to the left) in this problem and a positive acceleration opposes the motion (and so it is to the right). Again, acceleration is in the same direction as the change in velocity, which is positive here. As in Example 2.5, this acceleration can be called a deceleration since it is in the direction opposite to the velocity.