Life Insecta Lepidoptera Ditrysia Pyraloidea Crambidae Crambinae

800x633 (~54Kb) USA: Issaquah (47°32'39N 122°02'31W), King Co., WA, 7.7.1999 (grass is naturally bent into horizontal here), Photo © Markku Savela

The exact identification of this species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group.

• Crambus acyperas Hampson, 1919 Kenya, .... See [maps]

  • Crambus acyperas Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (17): 438; TL: Br. E. Africa, Uganda Ry., Mile 478

  • Crambus acyperas; [NHM card]
• Crambus agitatellus Clemens, 1860

  • Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, 1863
    • = ; [NACL], #5362
  • Crambus carolinellus Haimbach, 1915
    • = ; [NACL], #5362

  • Crambus agitatellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus agitatellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Crambus agitatellus, Georgia Lepidoptera (USA) [GALEPS]

  • Crambus agitatellus; [NACL], #5362
• Crambus ainsliellus Klots, 1942

  • Crambus ainsliellus; [NACL], #5354
• Crambus albellus Clemens, 1860

  • Crambus albellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus albellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus albellus; [NACL], #5361
• Crambus albilineellus Fernald, 1893

  • Crambus albilineellus; [NACL], #5384 (mispl.)
• Crambus alexandrus Kirpichnikova, 1979

  • Crambus alexandrus; [RFEL]
• Crambus alienellus (Germar & Kaulfuss, 1817) NEU, CEU, Ussuri, C.Asia, Daghestan. See [maps]

  • Chilo alienellus Germar & Kaulfuss, 1817; in Ahrens, Fauna Insectorum Europae 3: pl. 18; TL: Portugal?
  • alienellus (?Zincken, 1817)
  • Chilo zinckenellus Sodoffsky, 1830; Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 2: 75, pl. 1, f. 8; TL: Riga, Lithuania
  • Crambus tigurinellus Duponchel, 1836; Hist. Nat. Lépid. Fr. 10: 59, pl. 270, f. 3; TL: Zürich, Switzerland
  • Chilo ocellellus Zetterstedt, 1839; Insecta Lapponica: 994; TL: S.Lappland, Wilhelmina

  • Crambus alienellus, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus alienellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus alienellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Crambus alienellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 206; [NACL], #5341 (extralim.); [RFEL]

  540x586 (~44Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti 671:53, 23.7.1971, 4.6.1983, Markku Savela leg.

  • C. a. labradoriensis Christoph, 1858 Canada

    • Crambus labradoriensis Christoph, 1858; Stettin Ent. Ztg 19 (7-9): 314
    • Crambus moestellus Walker, 1863
      • = Crambus alienellus labradoriensis ; [NACL], #5341a
    • Crambus indotatellus Walker, 1866
      • = Crambus alienellus labradoriensis ; [NACL], #5341a

    • Crambus alienellus labradoriensis; [NACL], #5341a

    Misidentified/misapplied:

    • luctuellus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1856); auth.
  • C. a. dissectus Grote, 1880

    • Crambus alienellus dissectus; [NACL], #5341b (uncert. stat.)
• Crambus anustexon Bleszynski, 1962

  • Crambus anustexon; [NACL], #5377
• Crambus argyrophorus Butler, 1878 Japan. See [maps]

  • Crambus argyrophorus Butler, 1878; Ill. typical Spec. Lepid. Het. Colln Br. Mus. 2: 61, pl. 40, f. 5; TL: Japan

  • ; Matsumura, 1931, 1092; Okano, 1962, b 95, pl. 2, f. 5, pl. 9, f. 1
  • Crambus argyrophorus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 222

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • (= C. coryolanus part); Hampson, 1896, a 936
  • (= C. coryolanus); Hampson, 1896, b 15
  • (= C. pseudargyrophorus); Leech, 1901, 392
  • (= C. pseudargyrophorus); Caradja, 1910, 114
  • (= C. narcissus); Caradja, 1927, 395
  • (= C. nigriscriptellus); Caradja & Meyrick, 1935, 23
  • (= C. nigriscriptellus); Caradja, 1939, c 28
• Crambus awemellus McDunnough, 1921

  • Crambus awemellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus awemellus; [NACL], #5347
• Crambus bidens Zeller, 1872

  • Crambus bidens, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus bidens, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus bidens; [NACL], #5342
• Crambus bidentellus Hampson, 1919 Mexico. See [maps]

  • Crambus bidentellus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 283; TL: Mexico, Durango
• Crambus bigelovi Klots, 1967

  • Crambus bigelovi, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus bigelovi; [NACL], #5356
• Crambus bipartellus South, 1901 Szetschwan, Yunnan, Fokien, Chekiang, Upper Burma. See [maps]

  • Crambus bipartellus South, 1901; Trans. en. Soc. Lond. 1901: 393, pl. 14, f. 9; TL: Szetschan

  • bipartitellus[sic!]; Caradja, 1925, a 298
  • ; Caradja, 1927, 395
  • boipertellus[sic!]; Caradja, 1937, 150
  • ; Caradja, 1939, c 28
  • Crambus bipartellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 227
• Crambus brachiiferus Hampson, 1919 Br. C. Africa, Mashonaland. See [maps]

  • Crambus brachiiferus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 291; TL: Br. C. Africa

  • Crambus brachiiferus; [NHM card]
• Crambus braunellus Klots, 1940

  • Crambus braunellus Klots, 1940; Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39: 65

  • Crambus braunellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus braunellus; [NACL], #5368
• Crambus brunneisquamatus Hampson, 1919 Br. C. Africa

  • Crambus brunneisquamatus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (17): 442; TL: Br. C. Africa, Ruo Distr., Muona

  • Crambus brunneisquamatus; [NHM card]
• Crambus caliginosellus Clemens, 1860

  • Crambus caliginosellus; [NACL], #5381 (mispl.)
• Crambus claviger Staudinger, 1899

  • Crambus claviger Staudinger, 1899; Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 2 (6): 107, f. 1
• Crambus cockleellus Kearfott, 1908

  • Crambus cockleellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus cockleellus; [NACL], #5353
• Crambus coloradellus Fernald, 1893

  • Crambus coloradellus; [NACL], #5387 (mispl.)
• Crambus coryolanus Bleszynski, 1961 Sikkim. See [maps]

  • Crambus coryolanus Bleszynski, 1961; Acta zool. cracov. 6 (9): 350, f. 2, 4, pl. 72, f. 1; TL: Sikkim, Himalayas

  • Crambus coryolanus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 223

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • argyrophorus; Hampson, 1896, a 936 (part)
  • argyrophorus; Hampson, 1896, b 15 (part)
• Crambus cypridalis Hulst, 1886

  • Crambus cypridalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus cypridalis, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus cypridalis; [NACL], #5358
• Crambus cyriellus Klots, 1942

  • Crambus cyriellus; [NACL], #5373
• Crambus daeckellus Haimbach, 1907 New Jersey, .... See [maps]

  • Crambus daeckellus Haimbach, 1907; Ent. News 18 (2): 44; TL: Brown's Mills Junction, New Jersey

  • Crambus daeckellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus daeckellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus daeckellus; [NACL], #5350
• Crambus delineatellus Hampson, 1896 Brazil (Paraña, ...). See [maps]

  • Crambus delineatellus Hampson, 1896; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 939; TL: Castro Paraña, Brazil
• Crambus diarhabdellus Hampson, 1919 Sudan, .... See [maps]

  • Crambus diarhabdellus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 289; TL: Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje

  • Crambus diarhabdellus; [NHM card]
• Crambus dimidiatellus Grote, 1883 Colorado, .... See [maps]

  • Crambus leucorhabdon Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (17): 440; TL: Colorado, Florissant
    • = ; [NACL], #5388

  • Crambus dimidiatellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus dimidiatellus; [NACL], #5388 (mispl.)
• Crambus ellipticellus Hampson, 1919 S.Africa. See [maps]

  • Crambus ellipticellus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 285; TL: Natal, Eastcourt

  • Crambus ellipticellus; [NHM card]
• Crambus elongatus Hampson, 1919 Chile, .... See [maps]

  • Crambus elongatus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 285; TL: Chili, Chillan, 8000'

  • Crambus elongatus; [NHM card]
• Crambus ericellus (Hübner, [1813]) NEU, CEU. See [maps]

  • Tinea ericella Hübner, [1813]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [8]: pl. 54, f. 371 (271?); TL: Germany?

  • Crambus ericella, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus ericellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Argyroteuchia ericalis[sic!]; Hübner, [1825], 364
  • Crambus ericellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 206

  600x317 (~25Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, Virojoki 6719:539, 15-19.7.1973, Markku Savela leg.

  Larva on Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Corynephorus , Aria

• Crambus gausapalis Hulst, 1886

  • Crambus gausapalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus gausapalis; [NACL], #5351
• Crambus girardellus Clemens, 1860

  • Crambus nivihumellus Walker, 1863
    • = ; [NACL], #5365

  • Crambus girardellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus girardellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus girardellus; [NACL], #5365
• Crambus hastifer Staudinger, 1899

  • Crambus hastifer Staudinger, 1899; Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 2 (6): 109, f. 2; TL: Punta-Arenas
• Crambus hamellus (Thunberg, 1788) NEU, CEU, Amur, Sakhalin, Japan, Canada, Maine. See [maps]

  • Tinea hamella Thunberg, 1788; Mus. Nat. Acad. Upsal. 6:78; TL: Sweden
  • Palparia baccaestria Haworth, 1811; Lepid. Britannica (3): 488; TL: England
  • Tinea ensigerella Hübner, [1813]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [8]: pl. 54, f. 367 (?667); TL: Germany?

  • Crambus hamella, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus hamella, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus hamellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Crambus hamellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Argyroteuchia ensigeralis[sic, recte ensigerella]; Hübner, [1825], 364
  • ; Matsumura, 1931, 1031; Okano, 1962, b 89, pl. 15, f. 1, 5
  • Crambus hamellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 216; [NACL], #5340; [RFEL]

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • hastiferellus; Walker, 1863, 155 (part.)
  • (= C. pratellus part.); Thunberg, 1788, 88

  600x313 (~22Kb) FINLAND: Om: Perho, Jänkä 7020:376, 28.7.1971, Markku Savela leg.

  Larva on (grass)

  • C. h. carpenterellus Packard, 1872

    • Crambus hamellus carpenterellus; [NACL], #5340a
• Crambus harrisi Klots, 1967

  • Crambus harrisi, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus harrisi; [NACL], #5374
• Crambus heringiellus Herrich-Schäffer, 1848 NEU, CEU. See [maps]

  • Crambus heringiellus Herrich-Schäffer, 1848; Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 4 (34): 54; TL: N.Germany and "Livland"
  • Crambus heringiellus Herrich-Schäffer, 1849; Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 5 (39): (ii) pl. 20, f. 142
  • Crambus sachaensis Ustjuzhanin, 1988
    • = ; [RFEL]

  • Crambus heringiellus, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus sachaensis, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
  • Crambus heringiellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • hemigiellus[sic!]; Hampson, 1896, a 935
  • Crambus heringiellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 207; [RFEL]

  560x605 (~50Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti 671:53, 15-19.7.1973, 18-24.7.1981, Markku Savela leg.

  Larva on Hypnum [MP1]

• Crambus humidellus Zeller, 1877 Manchuria, Ussuri, Amur, Korea, S.Sakhalin, Japan. See [maps]

  • Crambus humidellus Zeller, 1877; Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 13: 42; TL: Japan
  • Crambus yokohamae Butler, 1879; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4 (24): 456; TL: Japan
  • Crambus splendidellus Christoph, 1881; Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 56 (1): 43

  • ; Matsumura, 1931, 1031; Okano, 1962, b 88, pl. 1, f. 2, pl. 7, f. 2
  • Crambus humidellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 214; [RFEL]

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • pascuellus; Marumo, 1932, 1435, f. 2840
  • (= C. pascuellus); Marumo, 1932, 1439, f. 2848
  • (= C. pascuellus); Marumo, 1950, 503, f. 1373
• Crambus hulstellus Fernald, 1885

  • Crambus hulstellus; [NACL], #5386 (mispl.)
• Crambus isshiki Matsumura, 1925 Sakhalin, Manchuria, Ussuri, Amur. See [maps]

  • Crambus isshiki Matsumura, 1925; J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido imp. Univ. 15: 182; TL: Sakhalin, Ichinosawa

  • Crambus isshiki; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 214; [RFEL]

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • pratellus f. sibirica; Caradja, 1926, b 162
• Crambus johnsoni Klots, 1942

  • Crambus johnsoni, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus johnsoni; [NACL], #5375
• Crambus kuzakaiensis Okano, 1960 Japan (N.Honshu). See [maps]

  • Crambus kuzakaiensis Okano, 1960; Tyô to Ga 11 (1): 10, f. 2, 6, 9; TL: Japan, N.Honshu

  • kazukaiensis[sic!]; Bleszynski, 1961, e 361, f. 8-9
  • ; Okano, 1962, 96, pl. 2, f. 8, pl. 9, f. 4
  • Crambus kuzakaiensis; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 226
• Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, 1860

  • Crambus semifusellus Walker, 1863
    • = ; [NACL], #5378

  • Crambus laqueatellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus laqueatellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus laqueatellus; [NACL], #5378
• Crambus lathoniellus (Zincken, 1817) . See [maps]

  • Chilo lathoniellus Zincken, 1817; Germar's Mag. Ent. 2: 61; TL: Germnay, Braunschweig

  • Crambus lathoniellus, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus lathoniellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Crambus lathoniellus; [RFEL]

  752x342 (~46Kb) Russia, Moscow area, 16.06.2007, Photo © D. Smirnov

  779x477 (~71Kb) Russia, Moscow area, 13.7.2008, Photo © D. Smirnov

  600x351 (~29Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti 671:53, 29-4.7.1996, Markku Savela leg.

  • C. l. lathoniellus EU, Asia Minor, Transcaucasus - C.Asia - Amur

    • Tinea nemorella Hübner, [1813]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [8]: pl. 57, f. 384; TL: Germany?
      • = Crambus lathoniellus ; [RFEL]
    • Crambus angustellus Stephens, 1834; Ill. Br. Ent. (Haustellata) 4 (2): 322; TL: England
    • Crambus pratellus v. marpurgensis Strand, 1920; Archiv Naturg. 85 A (4): 36; TL: C.Europe

    • Argyroteuchia enemoralis[sic!]; Hübner, [1825], 364
    • angustellus; Stephens, 1829, 218 (nom. nud.)
    • Crambus nemorellus nemorellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 212

    Misidentified/misapplied:

    • Palparia pratea[sic!]; Haworth, 1811, Lepid. Britannica (3): 488
    • praterellus; Drenowski, 1925, a 128
    • pratellus; auct.
    • pratellus; Schwarz, 1964, 47 & 54

    Larva on Deschampsia caespitosa [MP1]

  • C. l. alfacarellus Staudinger, 1859 Spain

    • Crambus alfacarellus Staudinger, 1859; Stettin ent. Ztg 20 (7-9): 221; TL: Spain, Andalusia, Sierra de Alfacar

    • Crambus nemorellus alfacarellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 213

    Misidentified/misapplied:

    • (= C. nemorellus nemorellus); Fuchs, 1881, 452
    • (= C. nemorellus nemorellus); Caradja, 1899, 179
    • (= C. nemorellus nemorellus); Jäckh, 1940, 789
    • (= C. nemorellus nemorellus); Jäckh, 1942, 174
    • (= C. nemorellus nemorellus); Szent-Ivány & Uhrik-Mészáros, 1942, 127
  • C. l. altivolens Schawerda, 1913 Yugoslavia

    • Crambus pratellus var. altivolens Schawerda, 1913; Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 63: 167; TL: Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Maglic

    • ; Bleszynski, 1957, a 229
    • Crambus nemorellus altivolens; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 213
• Crambus leachellus (Zincken, 1818)

  • Crambus pulchellus Zeller, 1863
    • = ; [NACL], #5357
  • Crambus lativittellus Zeller, 1863
    • = ; [NACL], #5357
  • Crambus hastiferellus Walker, 1863
    • = ; [NACL], #5357

  • Crambus leachellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus leachellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus leachellus; [NACL], #5357

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • involutellus (Clemens, 1860); Zeller, 1863
• Crambus leuconotus Zeller, 1882

  • Crambus leucoschalis Hampson, 1898; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 1 (2): 159; TL: S.Africa
  • Crambus infradentatus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 292; TL: Transvaal, White R.
    • = Crambus leucoschalis ; [NHM card]

  • Crambus leuconotus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus leuconotus; [NACL], #5371
  • Crambus leucoschalis; [NHM card]
• Crambus luteolellus Clemens, 1860

  • Crambus duplicatus Grote, 1880
    • = ; [NACL], #5379

  • Crambus luteolellus; [NACL], #5379 (mispl.)
  • C. l. refotalis Hulst, 1886

    • Crambus ulae Cockerell, 1888; Ent. mon. Mag. 24: 272; TL: near Ula, Custer Co., Colorado
      • = Crambus luteolellus refotalis ; [NACL], #5379a

    • Crambus luteolellus refotalis; [NACL], #5379a
• Crambus lyonsellus Haimbach, 1915

  • Crambus lyonsellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus lyonsellus; [NACL], #5348
• Crambus magnificus Bleszynski, 1956 Szetschwan

  • Crambus magnificus Bleszynski, 1956; Ann. hist.-natur. Mus. nat. hung. 48: 419, f. 1-3; TL: Szetschwan, Ta-tsien-lou

  • Crambus magnificus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 215

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • pascuellus; Caradja, 1939, b 19
• Crambus mediofasciellus Hampson, 1919 Kenya, .... See [maps]

  • Crambus mediofasciellus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (17): 440; TL: Br. E. Africa, Nairobi

  • Crambus mediofasciellus; [NHM card]
• Crambus mesombrellus Hampson, 1919 Nigeria. See [maps]

  • Crambus mesombrellus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (17): 438; TL: N.Nigeria, Borgu, Yelwa Lake

  • Crambus mesombrellus; [NHM card]
• Crambus microstriatus Hampson, 1919

  • Crambus microstriatus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 289; TL: Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje

  • Crambus microstriatus; [NHM card]
• Crambus modestellus Barnes & McDunnough, 1918

  • Crambus modestellus; [NACL], #5383 (mispl.)
• Crambus monochromellus Herrich-Schäffer, 1852 Alps, Transcaucasus, Caucasus, Asia Minor, C.Asia. See [maps]

  • Crambus monochromellus Herrich-Schäffer, 1852; Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 4 (57): (ii) pl. 23, f. 164
    • = Crambus perlellus ; [RFEL]
  • Crambus monochromellus Herrich-Schäffer, [1855]; Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europ. 6 (68): 145; TL: Grosslockner, Alps
  • Crambus rostellus La Harpe, 1855; Faune Suisse Lep. 5: 55, f. 6; TL: Switzerland

  • Crambus monochromella, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]

  • monochromella[sic!]; Herrich-Schäffer, 1855, 145
  • Crambus monochromellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 221

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • rostrellus[sic!] (= C. perlellus); Caradja, 1934, 5
  • rostellus (= C. perlellus); Toll, 1938, 143
• Crambus multilinellus Fernald, 1887

  • Crambus multilinellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus multilinellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus multilinellus; [NACL], #5364
• Crambus multiradiellus Hampson, 1896 Brazil (São Paulo, Paraña). See [maps]

  • Crambus multiradiellus Hampson, 1896; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895: 939; TL: São Paulo; Paraña, Brazil
• Crambus murellus Dyar, 1904

  • Crambus simpliciellus Kearfott, 1908
    • = ; [NACL], #5382

  • Crambus murellus; [NACL], #5382 (mispl.)
• Crambus narcissus Bleszynski, 1961 Szetschwan

  • Crambus narcissus Bleszynski, 1961; Acta zool. cracov. 6 (9): 350, f. 5, pl. 72, f. 2; TL: China, Szetschwan Tatsienlu

  • Crambus narcissus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 222

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • argyrophorus; Caradja, 1927, 395
• Crambus nigriscriptellus South, 1901 Yunnan, Szetschwan, Chekiang, Kiangsu. See [maps]

  • Crambus nigriscriptellus South, 1901; Trans. en. Soc. Lond. 1901: 392; TL: China, Szetschwan, Wa-shan
  • Crambus achilles Bleszynski, 1961; Acta zool. cracov. 6 (9): 357, f. 14, pl. 73, f. 4; TL: China, Chekiang, W. Tien-mu-shan

  • ; Caradja, 1925, a 297; Caradja, 1927, 295; Caradja, 1937, 150
  • Crambus nigriscriptellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 225

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • argyrophorus; Caradja & Meyrick, 1935, 23
  • argyrophorus; Caradja, 1939, 28
• Crambus nivellus (Kollar, [1844]) Sikkim, Nepal, Dharmsala, Nilgiris. See [maps]

  • Chilo nivellus Kollar, [1844]; in Hügel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek 4: [?] 495; TL: Himalayas, Massuri
  • Crambus todarius Butler, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 173; TL: India, Nilgiri
  • Crambus aurivittatus Moore, 1888; Descr. Indian lep. Atkinson (3): 226; TL: Himalaya,Darjeeling

  • ; Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889, No. 4776
  • aurivittatus; Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889, No. 4693
  • todarius; Cotes & Swinhoe, 1889, No. 4702
  • ; Hampson, 1896, a 936; Hampson, 1896, b 16
  • Crambus nivellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 227
• Crambus occidentalis Grote, 1880

  • Crambus agricolellus Dyar, 1923
    • = ; [NACL], #5359

  • Crambus occidentalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus occidentalis; [NACL], #5359
• Crambus palustrellus Ragonot, 1876 France. See [maps]

  • Crambus palustrellus Ragonot, 1876; Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 5 (6): lxxviii [78]; TL: France, Gascogne

  • ; Lhomme, 1935, 79
  • Crambus palustrellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 208
• Crambus pascuellus (Linnaeus, 1758) . See [maps]

  • Phalaena (Tinea) pascuella Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 535; TL: Scandinavia?

  • Crambus pascuella, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus pascuella, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus pascuella, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Crambus pascuellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Crambus pascuellus; [NACL], #5339 (extralim.); [RFEL]

  700x979 (~64Kb) FINLAND: Ab: Suomusjävi (669:31), 18.7.2004, Photo © Markku Savela

  857x292 (~63Kb) Russia, Moscow area, 25.6.2011 (36°25'E, 56°00'N), Photo © D. Smirnov

  600x306 (~25Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, Virojoki 6719:539, 3.7.1973, Markku Savela leg.

  Larva on Poa [MP1], Trifolium ?

  • C. p. pascuellus (Linnaeus, 1758) EU, Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Asia Minor, Armenia, C.Asia (Minssinsk, Irkutsk, Kuldja), Amur, Kansu, Szetschwan, Sakhalin, Japan

    • Crambus scirpellus La Harpe, 1864; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Helv. Sci. nat. 20: 46; TL: Switzerland
    • Crambus fumipalpellus Mann, 1871; Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 21: 75; TL: Alps, Glockner
    • Crambus acutulellus Chrétien, 1896; Le Naturaliste 1896: 190; TL: Italy

    • Palparia pascuea[sic!]; Haworth, [1811], 488
    • pascuorum[sic!]; Leach, 1815, 135
    • Argyroteuchia pascualis[sic!]; Hübner, [1825], 364
    • ; Okano, 1962, b 87, pl. 1, f. 1, pl. 7., f. 1
    • Crambus pascuellus pascuellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 202

    Misidentified/misapplied:

    • humidellus; Marumo, 1932, 1439, f. 2848
    • humidellus; Marumo, 1959, 503, f. 1373
    • Phalaena pascuella (= C. pratellus); Scopoli, 1763, 244
    • Tinea pascuella (= ?); Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775, 134
    • Phalaena Tinea pascuella (= Agriphila tristella); Hübner, 1789, 23, pl. 4, f. U
    • pascuum[sic!] (= Agriphila tristella); Fabricius, 1798, 471
    • (= C. silvellus); Shibuya, 1928, a 135, pl. 2, f. 13
    • (= C. silvellus); Matsumura, 1931, 1032
    • (= C. humidellus); Marumo, 1932, 1435, f. 2840
    • (= C. magnificus); Caradja, 1939, b 19
  • C. p. extinctellus Zeller, 1857 Iceland

    • Crambus extinctellus Zeller, 1857; Stettin ent. Ztg 18 (7-9): 271; TL: Iceland
    • pascuellus ; 13; TL: Lindroth, 1928

    • ; Walker, 1863, 147; Pagenstecher, 1902, 344; Jacobson, 1902, 231
    • pascuellus; Aurivillius, 1913, 16
    • ; J. J. Walker, 1922, 7
    • pascuellus; Wolff, 1929, b 350
    • Crambus pascuellus extinctellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 204
  • C. p. floridus Zeller, 1872

    • Crambus pascuellus floridus; [NACL], #5339a

    Misidentified/misapplied:

    • hastiferellus (Walker, 1863); auth.
  • C. p. cyrnellus Schawerda, 1926 Corsica

    • Crambus pascuellus var. cyrnellus Schawerda, 1926; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 40: 152; TL: Corsica

    • Crambus pascuellus cyrnellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 204
• Crambus perlellus (Scopoli, 1763) . See [maps]

  • Phalaena perlella Scopoli, 1763; Ent. Carniolica: 243; TL: Krain, Yugoslavia

  • Crambus perlella, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus perlella, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus perlellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
  • Crambus perlellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Crambus perlellus; [NACL], #5343; [RFEL]

  900x1389 (~116Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, Virojoki (6719:539) 24.7.2004, Photo © Markku Savela	862x318 (~72Kb) Russia, Moscow area (36°25'E, 56°00'N), 27.6.2009, Photo © D. Smirnov	742x374 (~77Kb) Russia, Moscow area, 8.7.2012 (36°25'E, 56°00'N), Photo © D. Smirnov
  560x323 (~27Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti 671:53, 16-21.7.1996, Markku Savela leg.

  Larva on Festuca ovina, Festuca duriuscula, Deschampsia flexuosa [MP1]

  • C. p. perlellus EU, Morocco, Asia Minor, Near East, C.Asia, N.China, Manchuria, Sakhalin, Japan

    • Tinea dealbella Thunberg, 1788; Mus. Nat. Acad. Upsal. 6: 78; TL: Sweden?
    • Crambus warringtonellus Stainton, 1849; Cat. Br. Tineidae & Pteroph.: 1; TL: England

    • Selagia perlalis[sic!]; Hübner, [1825], 371
    • perbellus[sic!]; Tschugonov, 1916, 103
    • ; Matsumura, 1931, 1032; Okano, 1962, b 90, pl. 1, f. 6, pl. 8, f. 1
    • Crambus perlellus perlellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 217

    Misidentified/misapplied:

    • Palparia argentea[sic!]; Haworth, 1811, Lepid. Britannica (3): 486
    • Palparia arbustea[sic!]; Haworth, 1811, Lepid. Britannica (3): 486
    • arbustorum[sic!]; Stephens, 1829, 218
    • lythargyrellus; Stephens, 1834, 317
    • arbustorum[sic!]; Stephens, 1834, 319
    • lythargyrellus; Wood, 1839, 214, f. 1485
    • arbustorum[sic!]; Wood, 1839, 214
    • argentellus[sic!]; Wood, 1839, 215, f. 1488
    • rostrellus[sic!]; Caradja, 1934, 5
    • rostellus; Toll, 1938, 143
  • C. p. pseudorostellus Müller-Rutz, 1923 Alps (1300 - 2700 m)

    • Crambus perlellus ssp. pseudorostellus Müller-Rutz, 1923; Schweiz. ent. Anz. 2: 19; TL: Fusio, Alps

    • ; Müller-Rutz, 1927, 499; Müller-Ruts, 1932, 222; Weber, 1945, 350; Klimeschi, 1951, 19; Bleszynski, 1957, a 236, pl. 68, f. 2
    • Crambus perlellus pseudorostellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 219
  • C. p. flavonitellus Zerny, 1935 Morocco

    • Crambus perlellus ssp. flavonitellus Zerny, 1935; Mém. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc. 42: 108; TL: Morocco, Gr. Atlas Tachdirt 2200-2700m
    • Platytes perlellus f. auratus Lucas, 1956; Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc 35: 252; TL: Morocco, Ifrane

    • Crambus perlellus flavonitellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 219
  • C. p. aurellus Zerny, 1914 Iran

    • Crambus perlellus ssp. aurellus Zerny, 1914; Ann. Mus. Wien 28: 301; TL: N.Iran, Schahkuh

    • ; Hartig, 1937, 69; Zerny, 1939, 132; Toll, 1947, 108; De Lattin, 1951, b 54, f. 15b; Amsel, 1961, a 326
    • Crambus perlellus aurellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 219
  • C. p. cupriacellus Zerny, 1914 Armenia (Daghestan)

    • Crambus cupriacellus Zerny, 1914; Ann. Mus. Wien 28: 301; TL: Armenia

    • Crambus perlellus cupriacellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 220
  • C. p. nigerrimus Caradja, 1916 C.Asia (Karagaitau), Sajan

    • Crambus rostellus var. nigerrimus Caradja, 1916; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 30 (1): 4; TL: Karagaitau (C. Asia)

    • ; Bleszynski, 1962, c 26
    • Crambus perlellus nigerrimus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 220
  • C. p. pamiri Bleszynski, 1959 W.Pamirs

    • Crambus perlellus ssp. pamiri Bleszynski, 1959; Beitr. naturk. Forsch. SW-Dtschl. 18 (1): 114, pl. 3, f. 4; TL: Western Pamirs, 3500-4000m

    • Crambus perlellus pamiri; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 220
  • C. p. hachimantaiensis Okano, 1957 Japan (N.Honshu)

    • Crambus hachimantaiensis Okano, 1957; Ann. Rep. Gakugei Fac. Iwate Univ. 12: 78, pl. 1, f. 5; TL: Japan, N. Honshu
      • = Crambus perlellus ; [RFEL]

    • ; Okano, 1962, b 91, pl. 1, f. 8, pl. 7, f. 5
    • Crambus perlellus hachimantaiensis; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 220
  • C. p. kirinellus Bleszynski, 1965 Manchuria

    • Crambus perlellus kirinellus Bleszynski, 1965; [MP1], 221; TL: Manchuria, Kirin, Hsiaoling
  • C. p. innotatellus Walker, 1863

    • Crambus sericinellus Zeller, 1863
      • = Crambus perlellus innotatellus ; [NACL], #5343a
    • Crambus inornatellus Clemens, 1864
      • = Crambus perlellus innotatellus ; [NACL], #5343a

    • Crambus perlellus innotatellus; [NACL], #5343a
• Crambus praefectellus (Zincken, 1821)

  • Crambus involutellus Clemens, 1860
    • = ; [NACL], #5355,#

  • Crambus praefectellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus praefectellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus praefectellus; [NACL], #5355

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • hastiferellus (Walker, 1863); Felt, 1894, (part)
  • pulchellus (Walker, 1863); Felt, 1894, (part)
  • C. p. oslarellus Haimbach, 1908

    • Crambus praefectellus oslarellus; [NACL], #5355a
• Crambus pratellus (Linnaeus, 1758) NEU, CEU, Balkans, Asia Minor. See [maps]

  • Phalaena (Tinea) pratella Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 535; TL: Scandinavia?
  • Tinea dumetellus Hübner, [1813]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [8]: pl. 58, f. 389-390; TL: Germany?
  • Argyroteuchia saltalis Hübner, [1825]; Verz. bek. Schmett. (23-27): 364; TL: Germany?

  • Crambus pratella, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus pratellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • pratorum[sic!]; Fabricius, 1798, 471
  • Argyroteuchia dumetalis[sic!]; Hübner, [1825], 364
  • Crambus pratellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 209

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • Tinea hamella; Thunberg, 1788, 78 (part)
  • Tinea (= Agriphila tristella); Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775, 135
  • Tinea (= Agriphila tristella); Illiger, 1801, 89
  • Agriphila pratalis (= Agriphila); Hübner, [1825], 364
  • (= Agriphila selasella); Zeller, 1839, 174
  • (= Agriphila selasella); Herrich-Schäffer, 1849, 66
  • (= Agriphila selasella); Walker, 1863, 154
  • (= C. sibiricus); Caradja, 1910, 144
  • (= ? C. isshiki); Caradja, 1926, b 162
  • dumetellus (= C. sibiricus); Okano, 1954, 46
  • dumetellus (= C. sibiricus); Inoue, 1955, 124

  600x324 (~28Kb) FINLAND: Om: Perho, Jänkä 7020:376, 27.6.1971, Markku Savela leg.

  Larva on Deschampsia

• Crambus pseudargyrophorus Okano, 1960 Japan, NE.China, Amur, Ussuri. See [maps]

  • Crambus pseudargyrophorus Okano, 1960; Tyô to Ga 11 (1): 8, f. 1, 5, 8; TL: Japan, Honshu

  • ; Bleszynski, 1961, b 355, f. 6-7; Okano, 1962, b 96, pl. 2, f. 7, pl. 9, f. 3
  • Crambus pseudargyrophorus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 224; [RFEL]
• Crambus quadrinotellus Zeller, 1877

  • Crambus quadrinotellus; [NACL], #5385 (mispl.)
• Crambus quinquareatus Zeller, 1877 Mexico, Bahamas, .... See [maps]

  • Crambus extorralis Hulst, 1886
    • = ; [NACL], #5369
  • Crambus argentictus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 290; TL: Mexico, Jalapa
    • = ; [NACL], #5369

  • Crambus quinquareatus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus quinquareatus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus quinqueareatus; auth., (missp.)
  • Crambus quinquareatus; [NACL], #5369

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • hastiferellus (Walker, 1861); auth.
  • Crambus quinquareatus; Druce, 1896, Biol. centr.-amer., Lep. Heterocera 2: 289
• Crambus rickseckerellus Klots, 1940 California. See [maps]

  • Crambus rickseckerellus Klots, 1940; Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39: 60; TL: California

  • Crambus rickseckerellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus rickseckerellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus rickseckerellus; [NACL], #5360
• Crambus saltuellus Zeller, 1863

  • Crambus saltuellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus saltuellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus saltuellus; [NACL], #5363

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • agitatellus (Clemens, 1860); auth., (part)
• Crambus sanfordellus Klots, 1942

  • Crambus sanfordellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus sanfordellus; [NACL], #5367
• Crambus sargentellus Klots, 1942

  • Crambus sargentellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus sargentellus; [NACL], #5376
• Crambus satrapellus Zincken, 1821 ?, ..., Brazil (Saõ Paulo). See [maps]

  • Crambus satrapellus Zincken, 1821; Germar's Mag. Ent. 4: 247
  • Crambus aculiellus Walker, 1863; List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 27: 158
    • = ; [NACL], #5372
  • Crambus elegantellus Walker, 1863; List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 27: 179
    • = ; [NACL], #5372
  • Crambus aureorufus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 291; TL: Brazil, São Paulo
    • = ; [NACL], #5372 (uncert. stat.)

  • Crambus satrapellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus satrapellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus satrapellus; [NACL], #5372
• Crambus scoticus (Westwood, 1849) EU, Asia Minor. See [maps]

  • scoticus (Westwood, 1849); in Humpreys & Westwood, Br. Moths 2: 236, pl. 116, f. 9; TL: Scotland
  • Crambus uliginosellus Zeller, 1850; Zs. Ent. Breslau (Lepid) (13): 34; TL: Schlesien

  • Crambus uliginosellus, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus uliginosellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Crambus uliginosellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 205

  847x318 (~65Kb) Russia, Moscow area, 16.7.2008, Photo © D. Smirnov

  Larva on (grass)

• Crambus sibiricus Alphéraky, 1897 Minussinsk, Tunkinsk, Kamtschatka, Kentei, Raddeffka, Japan. See [maps]

  • Crambus pratellus var. sibirica Alphéraky, 1897; in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 9: 346; TL: Kamtschatka
  • Crambus hayachinensis Okano, 1957; Ann. Rep. Gakugei Fac. Iwate Univ. 12: 77, pl. 11, f. 1-2; TL: Japan
    • = ; [RFEL]

  • hayachinensis; Okano, 1962, b 90, pl. 1, f. 5, pl. 7, f. 4
  • Crambus sibiricus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 211; [RFEL]

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • pratellus; Caradja, 1910, 114
  • dumetellus; Okano, 1954, 46
  • dumetellus; Inoue, 1955, 124
• Crambus silvellus (Hübner, [1813]) EU - Asia Minor - C.Asia, Siberia, Amur, Ussuri, Manchuria, Yunnan, Kwangtung. See [maps]

  • Tinea silvella Hübner, [1813]; Samml. eur. Schmett. [8]: pl. 54, f. 369-370, 269-270; TL: Germany?
  • Chilo adippelus Zincken, 1817; Germar's Mag. Ent. 2: 47; TL: Germany, Braunschweig

  • Crambus silvella, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
  • Crambus silvellus, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]

  • Argyroteuchia adippalis[sic!]; Hübner, [1825], 364
  • Crambus adipellus[sic!]; Laharpe, 1855, 44
  • Crambus silvellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 204; [RFEL]

  600x326 (~26Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, Virojoki 6719:539, 3-10.8.1984, Markku Savela leg.

  Larva on Carex [MP1]

• Crambus sinicolellus Caradja, 1926 Kiangsu. See [maps]

  • Crambus sinicolellus Caradja, 1926; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 40: 168; TL: China, Kiangsu, Shanghai

  • ; Caradja & Meyrick, 1935, 23
  • Crambus sinicolellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 224
• Crambus sperryellus Klots, 1940

  • Crambus sperryellus Klots, 1940; Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39: 62

  • Crambus sperryellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus sperryellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus sperryellus; [NACL], #5370
• Crambus tessellatus Hampson, 1919 Kenya. See [maps]

  • Crambus tessellatus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (15): 287; TL: Br. E. Africa, N'dimu

  • Crambus tessellatus; [NHM card]
• Crambus trichusalis Hulst, 1886

  • Crambus trichusalis, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus trichusalis; [NACL], #5352
• Crambus turbatella (Walker, 1863) NA. See [maps]

  • Arequipa turbatella Walker, 1863

  • Crambus turbatella, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
• Crambus tutillus McDunnough, 1921

  • Crambus tutillus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]

  • Crambus tutillus; [NACL], #5346
• Crambus unistriatellus Packard, 1867

  • Crambus exesus Grote, 1880
    • = ; [NACL], #5344

  • Crambus unistriatellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus unistriatellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus unistriatellus; [NACL], #5344
• Crambus virgatellus Wileman, 1911 Japan, Korea, Chekiang. See [maps]

  • Crambus virgatellus Wileman, 1911; Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1911 (2): 353, pl. 31, f. 19; TL: Japan, Honshu, Ibaraki
  • Crambus argyrophorus var. coreanus Shibuya, 1927; Ins. Matsumurana 2 (2): 89; TL: Korea, Suigen

  • ; Okano, 1962, b 95, pl. 2, f. 6, pl. 9, f. 2
  • Crambus virgatellus; Bleszynski, 1965, [MP1], 226
• Crambus vittiterminellus Hampson, 1919 Br. C. Africa

  • Crambus vittiterminellus Hampson, 1919; Ann. Mag. Nat. hist. (9) 3 (17): 438; TL: Br. C. Africa, Mlanje Plateau, 6500'

  • Crambus vittiterminellus; [NHM card]
• Crambus watsonellus Klots, 1942

  • Crambus watsonellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus watsonellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus watsonellus; [NACL], #5366
• Crambus whitmerellus Klots, 1942

  • Crambus whitmerellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus whitmerellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus whitmerellus; [NACL], #5345

  Misidentified/misapplied:

  • dumetelus (Hübner, 1824); auth., (part)
  • pratellus (Linnaeus, 1758); auth., (part)
  • C. w. browni Klots, 1942

    • Crambus whitmerellus browni; [NACL], #5345a
• Crambus youngellus Kearfott, 1908

  • Crambus youngellus, Moth Photographers Group [MPG]
  • Crambus youngellus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]

  • Crambus youngellus; [NACL], #5349
• Crambus zeellus Fernald, 1855

  • Crambus zeellus; [NACL], #5380 (mispl.)

6.1.2019 (90)

If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.