Tirumala

Tirumala Moore, [1880] Blue Tigers

Tirumala Moore, [1880]; Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 4; TS: Papilio limniace Cramer
Melinda Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 229 (preocc. Melinda Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); TS: Danais formosa Godman
Elsa Honrath, 1892; Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2): 436; TS: Elsa morgeni Honrath

Tirumala (Euploeinae); Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 4
Tirumala (Danaina); Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 218; [Wahlberg]; [AfrL]; Brower, Wahlberg, Ogawa, Boppre & Vane-Wright, 2010, Syst. Biodiv. 8 (1): 84

Tirumala formosa (Godman, 1880)

Cameroon, Adamawa - Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania. See [maps] Forest Monarch Beautiful Tiger

Danais formosa Godman, 1880; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1880: 183, pl. 19, f. 1; TL: Gnuru Hills, East Africa
yala (Stoneham, 1958) (Danaus); Bull. Stoneham Mus. (71): 2; TL: Kenya

Danaus formosa; [EBW]; [BOW]: pl. 1100, f. 15
Tirumala formosa; [MWB]: 196, pl. 13, f. 77-78; [BK]: 258, f. 27, f. 387; [AfrL]

T. f. formosa E.Kenya (E of Rift Valley), NE.Tanzania

Danais formosa formosa

Danais formosa formosa; [BAFR], 153
Tirumala formosa formosa; [AfrL]

T. f. mercedonia (Karsch, 1894) W.Kenya (W of Rift Valley), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, NW.Tanzania

Melinda mercedonia Karsch, 1894; Ent. Nachr. 20 (14/15): 225

Danaus mercedonia; [BOW]: pl. 110, f. 18
Danaus formosa mercedonia; [BAFR], 153
Tirumala formosa mercedonia; [AfrL]

T. f. morgeni (Honrath, 1892) Cameroun

Elsa morgeni Honrath, 1892; Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2): 436, pl. 15, f. 5; TL: Kamerun

Danaus morgeni; [BOW]: pl. 110, f. 18 (text only)
Danaus formosa morgeni; [BAFR], 153
Tirumala formosa morgeni; [AfrL]

T. f. neumanni (Rothschild, 1902) Ethiopia

Danaus formosa neumanni Rothschild, 1902; Novit. Zool. 9: 596; TL: Kaffa

Danaus formosa neumanni; [BAFR], 153 (text)
Tirumala formosa neumanni; [AfrL]

Tirumala petiverana (Doubleday, [1847])

Tropical Africa. See [maps] African Blue Tiger

Danais limniace var. petiverana Doubleday, [1847]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 93, pl. 12, f. 1; TL: [? West ] Africa
Danais leonora Butler, 1866; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 51; TL: Angola
phrynichus (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203
septentrionides (Stoneham, 1958) (Danaus); Bull. Stoneham Mus. (71): 1; TL: Kenya

Danaus petiverana; [BAFR], 152
Tirumala petiverana; [MWB]: 196, pl. 13, f. 79; [BK]: 257, pl. 27, f. 386; [AfrL]

Tirumala gautama (Moore, 1877)

Burma, Thailand, Laos, S.Vietnam, Hainan. See [maps] Scarce Blue Tiger

Danais gautama Moore, 1877; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 (115): 43; TL: Henzada, Rangoon, Burma

Tirumala gautama gautama, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]

Danaus gautama; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 15
Tirumala gautama; Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 33, pl. 7, f. 1, 1a; [BOR], 206; [MWB]: 197, pl. 13, f. 80; [MRS], 273

T. g. gautama Mergui Archipelago, Langkawi, S.Burma

Tirumala gautama gautama; Morishita, 1970, Tyô to Ga 21 (3-4): 65; [BOR], 206

T. g. gautamoides (Doherty, 1886) Nicobars

Danais (Tirumala) gautamoides Doherty, 1886; J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 55 Pt.II (3): 257; TL: Nicobars

Tirumala gautamoides; Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 33, pl. 6, f. 2, 2a
Tirumala gautama gautamoides; [BOR], 206

Tirumala euploeomorpha (Howarth, Kawazoe & Sibatani, 1976)

Solomon Islands (Santa Ana, San Cristobal). See [maps]

Danaus (Tirumala) euploeomorpha Howarth, Kawazoe & Sibatani, 1976; Tyô to Ga 27 (4): 131; TL: Solomon Islands, Santa Ana Is., Eastern Distr.

Tirumala euploeomorpha; [MWB]: 197, pl. 14, f. 81-82, pl. VII, f. 60

Tirumala choaspes (Butler, 1866)

Sula Islands. See [maps] Sulawesi Blue Tiger

Danais choaspes Butler, 1866; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 52; TL: S.Sulawesi, Makasar
choaspina (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Sula Is.

Danaus choaspes; [EBW]; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 12
Tirumala choaspes; [BOR], 206; [MWB]: 198, pl. 14, f. 83, pl. VII, f. 55, pl. X, f. 126; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 218

T. c. choaspes Sulawesi

Tirumala choaspes choaspes; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 218

T. c. kroeseni (Martin, 1910) Buton

Danais (Tirumala) choaspes kroeseni Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 20; TL: Buton I.

Tirumala choaspes kroeseni; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. c. oxynthas (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Sula Is.

choaspes oxynthas (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Sula Is.

Tirumala choaspes oxynthas; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. c. kalawara (Martin, 1913) Sulawesi

Danais (Tirumala) choaspes kalawara Martin, 1913; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 27 (2): 109, (3):123; TL: Celebes

Tirumala choaspes kalawara; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 218

Tirumala tumanana Semper, 1886

Philippines (Tumanao I, SE.Mindanao). See [maps]

Tirumala tumanana Semper, 1886; Reisen Philipp. (1): 15, pl. 3, f. 1

Tirumala limniace tumanana; Morishita, 1981, in Tsukada, Butterflies of the south-east Asian islands 2: 462, pl. 94, f. 15-17
Tirumala choaspes tumanana; [BOR], 206
Tirumala tumanana; Hashimoto, Schroeder, Treadaway & Vane-Wright, 2012, J. Res. Lepid. 45: 40

Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775])

Afghanistan - India, Ceylon, Kashmir - China, Burma, Hong Kong. See [maps] Blue Tiger

Papilio limniace Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 92, pl. 59, f. D, E; TL: China
moaria (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Formosa
norinia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Hainan
Danais limniace fruhstorferi van Eecke, 1915; Zool. Meded. 1 (13): 209; TL: Wetter [?]
Danaida limniace kuchingana Moulton, 1915; Entomologist 48: 97; TL: "Kuching (Sarawak)"
Danais limniaca[sic?] ab. koshunensis Sonan, 1931; Zephyrus 3 (3/4): 198; TL: Formosa
Danais limniaca[sic?] ab. kurarensis Sonan, 1931; Zephyrus 3 (3/4): 198; TL: Formosa
joannisi (Dufrane, 1948) (Danaus); Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17 (10): 192; TL: Tonkin
disjuncta (Dufrane, 1948) (Danaus); Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17 (10): 192; TL: Tonkin

Tirumala limniace, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
Tirumala limniace limniace, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]

Danaus limniace; [EBW]; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 19
Tirumala limniace; Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 4, pl. 1, f. 3; Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 39, pl. 6, f. 1, 1a-b; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 98; [BOR], 204; [MWB]: 198, pl. 14, f. 84, pl. IX, f. 88, pl. X, f. 124; [MRS], 272; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. l. limniace S.China, Indo-China, Hainan, Taiwan

?mutina (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 204
Danaida limniace mutina Ormiston, 1918; Spolia Zeylanica: 4; TL: Ceylon

Tirumala limniace limniace; Morishita, 1970, Tyô to Ga 21 (3-4): 64; [BOR], 205

T. l. leopardus (Butler, 1866) Ceylon, India - S.Burma

Danais leopardus Butler, 1866; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 52; TL: N.India

Tirumala limniace leopardus; [BOR], 205

T. l. ino (Butler, 1871) Sula

Danais ino Butler, 1871; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1871: 79; TL: Sula

Tirumala limniace ino; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. l. conjuncta Moore, 1883 Java, Bali, Kangean, Bawean, Lesser Sunda Is.

Tirumala conjuncta Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 231, (3) pl. 29, f. 2; TL: Java
?Tirumala limniace ab. donia Fruhstorfer, 1897; Berl. Ent. Zs. 42 (1/2): 120

Tirumala limniace conjuncta; [BOR], 205; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. l. bentenga (Martin, 1910) Selajar

Danais (Tirumala) limniace bentenga Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 22; TL: Benteng I.

Tirumala limniace bentenga; [BOR], 205; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. l. makassara (Martin, 1910) S.Sulawesi

Danais (Tirumala) limniace makassara Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 21; TL: S.Celebes

Tirumala limniace makassara; [BOR], 205; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. l. orestilla (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Philippines (Luzon)

limniace orestilla (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 205

Tirumala limniace orestilla; [BOR], 205

T. l. vaneeckeni Bryk, 1937² Timor, Wetar

limniace vaneeckeni Bryk, 1937²; in Strand, Lep. Cat. 28 (78): 113

Danaus limniace vaneeckeni; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. l. exotica (Gmelin, 1790)

Papilio exoticus Gmelin, [1790]; in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (edn 13) 1 (5): 2289, no. 886; TL: Ceylon

Tirumala limniace exotica; [BMP]: 105, pl. 11, f. 10
Tirumala limniace exoticus; Torben B. Larsen

ssp. Tanahjampea

Tirumala limniace ssp.; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874)

India, Ceylon, W.China. See [maps] Dark Blue Tiger

Danais septentrionis Butler, 1874; Ent. mon. Mag. 11: 163; TL: Nepal
microsticta (Kheil, 1884) (Danaus); Rhopalocera Ins. Nias: 16 (preocc. Danais microsticta Butler, 1874); TL: Nias
Tirumala septentrionis palawana Fruhstorfer, 1899; Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 114, 120; TL: Palawan
Tirumala septentrionis rufiventris Fruhstorfer, 1899; Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 114; TL: Nias
suanetes (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Balabak
emona (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Paragua
Tirumala mistella Swinhoe, 1915; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 16 (93): 171; TL: Malang, Java
?septentrionalis Williams, 1930
julia Hulstaert, 1931²; Genera Insectorum 193: 46; TL: Palawan
jacouleti (Nakahara, 1941) (Danaus); Zephyrus 9: 1-3
pandora Corbet, 1942; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 9 (52): 268; TL: Siberut I.
addenda (Dufrane, 1948) (Danaus); Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17 (10): 192
nocturalis Murayama, 1958; New Ent. 7 (1): 27; TL: Formosa

Tirumala septentrionis, Lepiforum [LEPIFORUM]
Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]

Danais septentrionis; Moore, 1878, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4): 822
Danaus septentrionis; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 7
Tirumala hamata septentrionis; Kudrna, 1974, Atalanta 5: 98
Tirumala septentrionis; Moore, [1880], Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 5, pl. 1, f. 2; Moore, [1890], Lepidoptera Indica 1: 34, pl. 7, f. 2, 2a; [BOR], 205; [MWB]: 199, pl. 14, f. 85; [MRS], 273

Misidentified/misapplied:

Danaida melissa; Fruhstorfer, 1910, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 202, pl. 78 a (in part)
Danaus melissa; Forbes, 1939, Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 129 (in part)

T. s. septentrionis N.India - Peninsular Malaya, Langkawi, Singapore, Thailand, Indo-China, S.China, Taiwan

Tirumala hamata septentrionis ab. seminocturnalis Murayama, 1961; Tyô to Ga 11 (4): 56, f. 2; TL: Poli?, Formosa

Tirumala hamata septentrionis; Morishita, 1970, Tyô to Ga 21 (3-4): 65
Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis; [BOR], 205; [BMP]: 105, pl. 11, f. 8

T. s. dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899 S.India

Tirumala melissa dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899; Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2): 113, 119

Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum; [BOR], 205

T. s. musikanos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Ceylon

septentrionis musikanos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 202; TL: Ceylon

neomelissa musikanos; Talbot, 1949
Tirumala septentrionis musikanos; [BOR], 205

T. s. myrsilos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Java, Bali, Bawean, Lesser Sunda Is.

septentrionis myrsilos (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 202; TL: Java

Tirumala septentrionis myrsilos; [BOR], 205

T. s. microsticta (Butler, 1874) N.Borneo

Danais microsticta Butler, 1874; Ent. mon. Mag. 11: 163; TL: Borneo

Tirumala septentrionis microsticta; [BOR], 205

T. s. valentia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Mindanao

septentrionis valentia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Mindanao

Tirumala septentrionis valentia; [MWB], 199 (note)

Tirumala hamata (MacLeay, [1826])

S.Asia, E.Asia, Australia. See [maps] Blue Tiger Dark Blue Tiger Blue Wanderer

Euploea hamata MacLeay, [1826]; in King, Narr. Surv. Austr. 2: 461; TL: Australia
Danais australis Blanchard, 1853; Voy. Pol. Sud. Astrolabe 4: 388, pl. 2, f. 5-6
Papilio melissa Stoll, [1781]; in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (32-32): 172, pl. 377, f. C-D (preocc. Papilio melissa Fabricius, 1775); TL: Java
Danais moderata Butler, [1876]; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1875 (4): 611; TL: Vaté or Sandwich Is., New Hebrides
Danais hamata var. orientalis Semper, [1879]; J. Mus. Godeffroy 5 (14): 139, no. 1 (Philippines,Hong Kong)
Tirumala angustata Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 232; TL: Tongatabu, Friendly Is.
nephthys (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 273; TL: Sulu I.
pelagia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 273; TL: Cuyo
sassina (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 273
tibula (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 273; TL: Camotes
Danaida melissa melissa f. melissina Rothschild, 1915; Novit. Zool. 22 (1): 117; TL: Bali
tutuilae (Hopkins, 1927) (Danaida); Insects of Samoa 3 (1): 8, pl. 2, f. 1-2; TL: Tutuila
neomelissa Bryk, 1937²; in Strand, Lep. Cat. 28 (78): 115
mendica (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137; TL: Fiji

Tirumala hamata, Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia [Don Herbison-Evans]

Danaus hamata moderata; Holloway & Peters, 1976, J. Nat. Hist. 10: 297
Tirumala hamata; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219
Danaida melissa; Fruhstorfer, 1910, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 202 (in part)
Danaus melissa; Forbes, 1939, Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 129 (in part)
Danaida melissa hamata; Fruhstorfer, 1916, Archiv Naturg. 81 A (11): 62
Danaus hamata; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 16
Tirumala hamata; [BOR], 206; [MWB]: 200, pl. 14, f. 86, pl. 15, f. 87, pl. IX, f. 85, pl. X, f. 123

T. h. hamata Cape York - Sydney

Danaus hamata hamata; [BAUR], 172

T. h. paryadres (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Timor - Tanimbar, Aru, Kai Is.

hamata paryadres (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203
singaria (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203; TL: Dammer I.

Danaus hamata paryadres; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. h. arikata (Fruhstorfer, 1910) Sula Is.

hamata arikata (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203; TL: Sula Is.

Tirumala hamata arikata; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. h. nigra (Martin, 1910) Buru, Ambon, Serang, Saparua

Danais (Tirumala) melissa nigra Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 24; TL: Ceram

Danaus hamata nigra; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. h. goana (Martin, 1910) S.Sulawesi

Danais (Tirumala) hamata goana Martin, 1910; Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (2): 23; TL: Goa; Bangala

Tirumala hamata goana; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. h. leucoptera (Butler, 1874) Waigeu, Gebe, Neomfoor, West Irian

Danais leucoptera Butler, 1874; Ent. mon. Mag. 11: 163; TL: Dorey

Danaida melissa leucoptera; Rothschild, 1915, Novit. Zool. 22 (2): 196
Danaus hamata leucoptera; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. h. talautensis (Talbot, 1943) Talaud

hamata talautensis (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 135; TL: Talaut I.

Tirumala hamata talautensis; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. h. pallidula (Talbot, 1943) West Irian

hamata pallidula (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 136; TL: New Guinea

Danaus hamata pallidula; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. h. subnubila (Talbot, 1943) Papua, Yule I.

hamata subnubila (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 136; TL: New Guinea

Danaus hamata subnubila; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. h. coarctata (Joicey & Talbot, 1922) Biak

Danaida (Tirumala) melissa coarctata Joicey & Talbot, 1922; Bull. Hill Mus. 1 (2): 350; TL: Biak, Schouten Is.

Danaus hamata coarctica[sic?]; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. h. obscurata (Butler, 1874) New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York Group, Bougainville - Guadalcanal

Danais obscurata Butler, 1874; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874: 275; TL: Upolu
gariata (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 203

Danaus hamata obscurata; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. h. insignis (Talbot, 1943) Solomons

hamata insignis (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 136; TL: Maleita I.

Danaus hamata insignis; [BAUR], 172 (text)

T. h. neptunia (C. & R. Felder, [1865]) Fiji Is.

Danais neptunia C. & R. Felder, [1865]; Reise Fregatte Novara, Bd 2 (Abth. 2) (2): 349; TL: Fiji Is.
Danais claribella Butler, 1882; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 10 (55): 36; TL: Viti
hamata neptunia f. protoneptunia (Poulton, 1924) (Danaida); Trans. Ent. Soc. 1923: ?

Tirumala melissa neptunia; Fruhstorfer, 1902, Stettin ent. Ztg 63 (1): 351
Danaus hamata neptunia; [BAUR], 172 (text)

?T. h. melittula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) Samoa

?Danais melittula Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; Stettin ent. Ztg 30 (1-3): 70; TL: Upolu, Samoa

?Danaus melittula; [BOW]: pl. 153, f. 16 (text only)

Tirumala ishmoides Moore, 1883

-. See [maps] Uncertain Blue Tiger

Tirumala ishmoides Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 232; TL: Sulawesi
?australis Semper, 1886; Reisen Philipp. (1): 15
- = ; [NHM card]
vetusta (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137; TL: Celebes
linea Morishita, 1981²

Danaus ishmoides; Talbot, 1943, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137
?Tirumala melissa ishmoides;
Tirumala ishmoides; [BOR], 206; [MWB]: 200, pl. 15, f. 88, pl. 60, f. 318A, pl. IX, f. 86; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 219

T. i. ishmoides Sulawesi, Bangka I.

Tirumala ishmoides ishmoides; [BOR], 206; Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003, Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 220

T. i. vetus (Talbot, 1943) Philippines (Jolo I.)

ishmoides vetus (Talbot, 1943) (Danaus); Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137; TL: Jolo I.

Tirumala ishmoides vetus; [BOR], 206

T. i. strymon (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Philippines (Mindanao)

ishmoides strymon (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Mindanao

Tirumala ishmoides strymon; [BOR], 206

T. i. trasinanus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Philippines (Cebu)

ishmoides trasinanus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 276; TL: Cebu

Tirumala ishmoides trasinanus; [BOR], 206

T. i. sontinus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) Philippines (Mindoro)

ishmoides sontinus (Fruhstorfer, 1911) (Danaida); in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9: 274; TL: Mindoro

Tirumala ishmoides sontinus; [BOR], 206

Tirumala alba Chou & Gu, 1994

Hainan. See [maps]

Tirumala alba Chou & Gu, 1994; in Chou, Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium 1-2: 755, 275; TL: Mt. Diaoluoshan (700m)

References:

[AfrL] Mark C. Williams
Checklist of Afrotropical Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea; Compiled by Mark C. Williams, 7th ed. (2008) (April 2007); Afrototropical Butterflies; e-mail: Mark C. Williams
[BHL] The
Biodiversity Heritage Library; and on; Internet Archive; Note: The linking to the content of Internet Archive is somewhat delicate -- notify me when links break!
[BnF]
Gallica / Bibliothèque nationale de France; Annales de la Société entomologique de France; Bulletin de la Sociéte entomologique de France
[CiNii]
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/
[Dick Vane-Wright]
Vane-Wright
[Don Herbison-Evans] and Stella A. Crossley
Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia; e-mail: Don Herbison-Evans; e-mail: Don Herbison-Evans
[JRL]
The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera; JRL Archive
[Kedar Tokekar]
India
[LAMAS-2005] Gerardo Lamas
Entomofauna 26 (6): 57-100; A Bibliography of the Zoological Publications of Hans Fruhstorfer (1886* - 1922+)
[LAMAS-NEO] Gerardo Lamas
Bibliography of butterflies; An Annocated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skipper (Lepididoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea); Revised Electronic Edition (2007)
[LEPIFORUM]
Lepiforum; Bestimmung von Schmetterlingen (Lepidoptera) und ihren Präimaginalstadien
[NHM] Natural History Museum
The Global Lepidoptera Names Index; Butterflies and Moths of the World; Generic Names and their Type-species
[Oleg Kosterin] Institue of Cytology & Genetics
Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; e-mail: Oleg Kosterin; http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/
[Olli Vesikko]
http://koti.welho.com/ovesikko/
[Wahlberg]
Niklas Wahlberg; The NSG's voucher specimen database; Nymphalidae Systematics Group
[Yutaka Inayoshi]
A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China; Chiefly from THAILAND, LAOS & VIETNAM
[ZOBODAT] Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum
OÖ. Landesmuseum; ZOBODAT - Literatur
[maps]
Warning! The maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.
[²] This may require parentheses or not. I don't have the necessary information for this taxon.

Some related literature:

[MWB]; Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984
Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology Milkweed butts.
Blanchard, 1853
Voyage au Pole sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zelée executé ......pendant......1837-40 sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville etc. Zool., Insectes. Vol. 4 Voy. Pol. Sud. Astrolabe 4 : 1-422, pl. 1-25
Brower, Wahlberg, Ogawa, Boppre & Vane-Wright, 2010
Phylogenetic relationships among genera of danaine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as implied by morphology and DNA sequences Syst. Biodiv. 8 (1) : 75-89
Butler, 1866
A Monograph of the diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Genus Danais, being a Revision of the Insects of that Genus, with Descriptions of new Species in the National Collection Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1) : 43-59, pl. 4
Butler, 1871
Descriptions of some new species of exotic lepidoptera Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1871 : 79-83
Butler, 1874
Description of six new Species of diurnal Lepidoptera in the Collection of the British Museum Ent. mon. Mag. 11 : 163-164
Butler, 1874
List of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the South-Sea Islands Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874 : 274-291, pl. 44
Butler, [1876]
On a Collection of Butterflies from the New Hebrides and Loyalty Islands with Descriptions of new Species Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1875 (4) : 610-619, pl. 67
Butler, 1882
Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera, chiefly from Duke of York Island and New Britain Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 10 (55): 36-43, (56): 149-160, (57): 226-238
[MRS]; Chou, 1994
Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1-2: 1-854
Corbet, 1942
Spolia Mentawiensis: Rhopalocera, Danaidae Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 9 (52) : 268-271
[BMP]; Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992
The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Fourth Edition revised by J. N. Eliot with plates by Bernard D'Abrera Butterflies Malay Peninsula (4th edn) : 1-595, pl. 1-69
Cramer, [1775]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 1-132, pl. 1-84 (1775), (8): 133-155, pl. 85-96 (1776)
[BAUR]; D'Abrera, 1977
Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn) Butts. Aust. Region: 1-416
[PBSA]; Dickson & Kroon, 1978
Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa
Doherty, 1886
Additional Notes on new or rare Indian Butterflies J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 55 Pt.II (3) : 256-265
Doubleday, [1847]
The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by W. C. Hewitson Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 1-18, pl. A, 1-4 (1-2) (1846), (1): 19-132, pl. 4*, 18*, 5-25, 28 (3-14) (1847), (1): 133-200, pl. 1*, 26, 27, 29 (15-23) (1848), (1): pl. 31-44 (15-23) (1848), (1): 201-242, pl. 30, 45-52, 56-58, 60-62, 64 (24-31) (1849), (1): 243-250 [?], (2): 243-326, pl. 53-55, 63, 65, 66 (32-38) (1850), (2): 327-466, pl. 59, 67-77 (39-50) (1851), (2): 467-534, 143, 144, pl. 78-80 (Index) (51-54) (1852)
Dufrane, 1948
Note sur les Danaidae Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17 (10) : 192-194
K. L. & L. E. Dunn, 1991
Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy. Pushlished by authors, Melbourne Review Austr. Butts. (1-4):
van Eecke, 1915
Enkele opmerkingen omtrent Indo-Australische Danaiden Zool. Meded. 1 (13) : 205-227
C. & R. Felder, [1865]
Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Behilfen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Band 2. Abtheilung 2. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera Reise Fregatte Novara, Bd 2 (Abth. 2) (1): 1-136, pl. 1-21 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, [1865]), (2): 137-378, pl. 22-47 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, 1865), (3): 379-536, pl. 48-74 (Rhop.) (C. & R. Felder, 1867), (4): 537-548, pl. 75-120, (Inhalts-Verz.) 1-9 (pl. 1-74), (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) , (5): pl. 121-140, (erklärung) 1-10 (pl. 75-107), (Inhalts-Verz.) 1-20 (pl. 108-140), (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
[EOB]; Feltwell, 1993
The Encyclopedia of Butterflies
Forbes, 1939
Revisional notes on the Danainae Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 101-140
Fruhstorfer, 1897
Rhopalocera Lombokiana Berl. Ent. Zs. 42 (1/2) : 119-126 (mid November)
Fruhstorfer, 1899
Neue Tirumala und Uebersicht der bekannten asiatischen Spezies Berl. ent. Zs. 44 (1/2) : 113-121 (mid July)
Fruhstorfer, 1902
Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Lepidopteren der Viti-Inseln Stettin ent. Ztg 63 (1) : 350-359 (1 July)
Fruhstorfer, 1910; Fruhstorfer, 1911
3. Familie: Danaidae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 191-216 (20 May, 1910), : 217-224 (20 June, 1910), : 225-240 (15 August, 1910), : 241-248 (29 November, 1910), : 249-264 (12 November, 1910), : 265-272 (17 December, 1910), : 273-280 (13 February, 1911), : 281-284 (14 February, 1911)
Fruhstorfer, 1916
Rhopaloceren aus Holländisch-Neu-Guinea Archiv Naturg. 81 A (11) : 61-78, f. 1-16, pl. 1 (July)
Gmelin, [1790]
Systema Naturae in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (edn 13) 1 (5) : 2225-3020
Godman in Godman & Distant, 1880
Descriptions of five new species of Rhopalocera from E. Africa Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1880 : 182-185, pl. 19
Hashimoto, Schroeder, Treadaway & Vane-Wright, 2012
On the taxonomic status of Tirumala tumanana Semper, 1886 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae) J. Res. Lepid. 45 : 39-47
Herrich-Schäffer, 1869
Neue Schmetterlinge aus dem "Museum Godeffroy" in Hamburg Stettin ent. Ztg 30 (1-3) : 65-80, pl. 1-4
Holloway & Peters, 1976
The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands J. Nat. Hist. 10 : 273-318
Honrath, 1892
Neue Rhopalocera (10) Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2) : 429-440, pl. 15
Hopkins, 1927
Insects of Samoa and other Samoan Terrestial Arthropoda. Part III. Lepidoptera, fasc. 1, Butterflies of Samoa and some neighbouring Island-groups Insects of Samoa 3 (1) : 1-64, pl. 1-4
Howarth, Kawazoe & Sibatani, 1976
A new mimetic species of Danaus (Tirumala) from the Solomon Islands (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) Tyô to Ga 27 (4): 131-137
Hulstaert, 1931
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera: Fam. Danaididae: Subfam. Danaidinae & Tellervinae Genera Insectorum 193: 215pp, 6pls
Joicey & Talbot, 1922
Four new butterflies from the Islands of Mefor and Biak (North Dutch New Guinea) Bull. Hill Mus. 1 (2) : 350-352
Karsch, 1894
Einige neue afrikanische Tagfalter aaus den Familien der Nymphaliden, Acraeïden, Danaïdiden und Satyriden Ent. Nachr. 20 (14/15) : 209-240
Kheil, 1884
Zur Fauna des Indo-Malayischen Archipels. Die Rhoplalocera der Insel Nias Rhopalocera Ins. Nias : [1-5], 6-38, 5pls
Kudrna, 1974
An annotated List of Japanese Butterflies Atalanta 5 : 92-120
[BK]; Larsen, 1996
The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history Butterflies of Kenya
[BOW]; Lewis, 1974
Butterflies of the World
MacLeay, [1826]
in King, Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia. Catalogue of Insects, collected by Captain King, R.N. in King, Narr. Surv. Austr. 2 : 438-469
Martin, 1910
Die Tirumalaarten der Insel Celebes Dt. ent. Z. Iris 24 (1): 15-17, (2): 17-26
Martin, 1913
Neue Rhopaloceren aus Celebes Dt. ent. Z. Iris 27 (2): 109, (3): 121-129, pl. 6-8
Moore, 1877
Descriptions of Asiatic Diurnal Lepidoptera Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 (115) : 43-52
Moore, 1878
A list of the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr. Ossian Limborg in Upper Tenasserim, with Descriptions of new Species Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878 (4) : 821-859, pl. 51-53 (1879)
Moore, [1880]
The Lepidoptera of Ceylon Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 1-40, pl. 1-18 (Dec 1880), (2): 41-80, pl. 19-36 (Jan 1881), (3): 81-136, pl. 37-54 (Jun 1881), (4): 137-190, pl. 55-71 (Dec 1881)
Moore, 1883
A Monograph of Limnaina and Euploeina, two Groups of Diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Subfamily Euploeinae; with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. Part I & II Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 201-252, (3): 253-324, pl. 29-32
Moore, [1890]
Lepidoptera Indica. Rhopalocera, Family Nymphalidae. Sub-families Euploeinae and Satyrinae Lepidoptera Indica 1 : 1-192 (1890), : 193-276 (1891), : 277-317 (1892)
Morishita, 1970
The Danaid butterflies of South Viet-Nam Tyô to Ga 21 (3-4) : 62-71
Morishita, 1981
Danaidae in Tsukada, Butterflies of the south-east Asian islands 2: 439-628, pls. 85-163
Moulton, 1915
Some undescribed Bornean Nymphalidae Entomologist 48 : 97-100, pl. 6
Murayama, 1958
Über die einigen Aberrantförmigen und die unbekannte Schmetterlinge aus Formosa New Ent. 7 (1): 26-30, 1pl
Murayama, 1961
An unrecorded and some aberrant butterflies from Formosa [in Japanese] Tyô to Ga 11 (4): 54-61
Rothschild, 1902
Some new N.E. African Lepidoptera discovered by Oscar Neumann Novit. Zool. 9 : 595-598
Rothschild, 1915
On the Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum sent by Mr. A. S. Meek from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier and Vulcan Islands Novit. Zool. 22 (2): 192-208, (3): 387-402
Rothschild, 1915
On Lepidoptera from the islands of Ceram (Seran), Buru, Bali, and Misol Novit. Zool. 22 (1): 105-144, (2): 209-227
Semper, [1879]
Beitrag zur Rhopalocerenfauna von Australien J. Mus. Godeffroy 5 (14) : 138-194, pl. 8-9
Semper, 1886
Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen Reisen Philipp. (1): 1-46, pl. 1-8, A (1886), (2): 47-86, pl. 9-16 (1887), (3): 87-134, pl. 17-24 (1888), (4): 135-174, pl. 25-32 (1889), (5): 175-238, pl. 33-38, B (1890), (6): 239-270, pl. 39-46 (1891), (7): 271-380, pl. 47-49 [iv] (1892), : 381-728
[EBW]; Smart, 1976
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World Illust. Encyp. Butt. World: -
Sonan, 1931
Notes on some butterflies from Formosa. (2) Zephyrus 3 (3/4) : 194-206, pl. 15-17
Stoll, [1781]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4 (26b-28): 29-90, pl. 305-336 (1780), (29-31): 91-164, pl. 337-372 (1781), (32-32): 165-252, 1-29, pl. 373-400 (1782)
Stoneham, 1958
New forms of African Danaidae Bull. Stoneham Mus. (71): 1-3
Swinhoe, 1915
New Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 16 (93) : 170-186
Talbot, 1943
Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae) Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1) : 115-148
Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003
The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island faunda Zool. Verh. Leiden 343: 3-268, pl. 1-16

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All	Amauris	Danaus	Tirumala	(tirumala)	Blue Tigers

Photo	Ideopsis	Danaus			Blue Tigers
Goto:

1078x914 (~133Kb) upperside male Thailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, a small wood at a grassy swamp at the Jomtien beach, between B.O. Guesthouse and Jomtien Metro Condotel, 2nd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1014x849 (~101Kb) underside male hailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, Ko Khram Island, Saikaew beach, a side of a road through shrubbery along the coast, 3rd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1001x809 (~100Kb) underside male hailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, Ko Khram Island, Saikaew beach, a side of a road through shrubbery along the coast, 3rd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
769x514 (~119Kb) underside Thailand, Krabi 24.12.2003-7.1.2004, Photo © Olli Vesikko Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis det. Dick Vane-Wright