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| General |
| Name, Symbol, Number | Platinum, Pt, 78 |
| Chemical series | transition metals |
| Group, Period, Block | 10 [?], 6 , d |
| Density, Hardness | 21090 kg/m3, 3.5 |
| Appearance | grayish white |
| Atomic Properties |
| Atomic weight | 195.078 amu |
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 135 (177) pm |
| Covalent radius | 128 pm |
| van der Waals radius | 175 pm |
| Electron configuration | [Xe]4f145d96s1 |
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 |
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | 2, 4 (mildly basic) |
| Crystal structure | Cubic face centered |
| Physical Properties |
| State of matter | solid (__) |
| Melting point | 2041.4 K (3214.9 °F) |
| Boiling point | 4098 K (6917 °F) |
| Molar volume | 9.09 ×10-3 m3/mol |
| Heat of vaporization | 510 kJ/mol |
| Heat of fusion | 19.6 kJ/mol |
| Vapor pressure | 0.0312 Pa at 2045 K |
| Speed of sound | 2680 m/s at 293.15 K |
| Miscellaneous |
| Electronegativity | 2.28 (Pauling scale) |
| Specific heat capacity | 130 J/(kg*K) |
| Electrical conductivity | 09.66 106/m ohm |
| Thermal conductivity | 71.6 W/(m*K) |
| 1st ionization potential | 870 kJ/mol |
| 2nd ionization potential | 1791 kJ/mol |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
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| SI units & STP are used except where noted. |
Platinum is a
chemical element in the
periodic table that has the symbol Pt and
atomic number 78. A heavy, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white
transition metal, platinum is resistant to corroding and occurs in some
nickel and
copper ores along with some native deposits. Platinum is used in
jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti-
pollution devices in
automobiles.
The
metal is a beautiful silvery-white when pure, and malleable and ductile. The metal is
corrosion-resistant. The
catalytic properties of the six
platinum family[?] metals are outstanding (
hydrogen and
oxygen explode in the presence of platinum). Platinum's wear- and tarnish-resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine
jewelry.
Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum does not oxidize in air at any temperature but can be corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. This metal is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid but does dissolve when mixed as aqua regia (forming chloroplatinic acid[?]). Common oxidation states of platinum include +2, +3, and +4.
Platinum is used extensively in
jewelry, wire, in making crucibles for chemical use and for constructing high-temperature electric furnaces. Finely divided platinum is often used as a chemical
catalyst. For example, platinum is used in
catalytic converters[?] for
automobiles and in various industrial processes, such as the manufacture of
sulfuric acid. Other uses;
- The metal can absorb large quantities of hydrogen gas and will release it when heated. It is therefore been studied as a possible storage medium for the gas for use in fuel cell vehicles.
- The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide, which is the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.
- Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry.
- This metal has a coefficient of expansion[?] that is almost equal to soda-lime-silica glass and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems.
- Alloys of platinum and cobalt have excellent magnetic properties. One alloy that has 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by mass, is forms an extremely powerful magnet.
- 90/10 Platinum/osmium alloy is used to make pacemakers and replacement valves[?] and other surgical implants[?].
- Used for coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, and other devices which must perform reliably at high temperatures for extended periods of time.
- Fine platinum wire glows red hot when exposed to methyl alcohol[?] vapor acting as a catalyst that converts the alcohol to formaldehyde. This phenomenon has been commercially used to make cigarette lighters and hand warmers.
- Cis-platin, [PtCl2(NH3)2], is a drug that is effective in treating certain types of cancer which include leukemia and testicular cancer[?].
Platinum (
Spanish platina meaning "little silver") was discovered in
1735 by astronomer
Antonio de Ulloa in
South America. British
privateers intercepted Ulloa's ship preventing him from presenting his findings until
1748. Before that could happen
Charles Wood[?] independently discovered the element in
1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians.
Naturally occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys have been known for a long time. The Spaniards named the metal "platina," or little silver, when they first encountered it in Colombia. They regarded platinum as an unwanted impurity in the silver they were mining.
Platinum is now considered more precious than gold, so that a platinum award is better than a golden one.
The standard definition of a metre for a long time was based on the distance between two marks on a bar of platinum-iridium housed in Sevres. This metal is also used in the definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode[?].
Platinum is often fond in a native state and the
ore sperrylite[?] (platinum arsenide, Pt
As2) is a major source of the
metal. A naturally occurring platinum/iridium alloy is
platiniridium[?] and this metal is also found in the
mineral cooperite[?] (platinum sulfide, Pt
S).
This metal is often accompanied by small amounts of other platinum family[?] metals which are found in alluvial deposits in Columbia, Ontario, the Ural Mountains, and in certain western American states.
Platinum is produced commercially as a by-product of nickel ore processing. The huge quantities of nickel ore processed makes up for the fact that platinum makes up only two parts per million of the ore.
Naturally occurring platinum is composed of five stable
isotopes and one
radioisotope, Pt-190, which has a very long
half-life (over 6 billion years). There are also many other
radioisotopes with the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 50 years.
This metal doesn't normally cause health problems due to its unreactive nature but all compounds of platinum should be considered to be highly
toxic.
In the popular music industry,
Platinum is a certification by the
RIAA for one million units shipped.