Hydronium

Hydronium is a positively-charged ion that forms from water in the presence of hydrogen ions. The formula for hydronium is H₃O⁺.

Hydronium is present whenever an acid is dissolved in water; the hydrogen ions released by the acid do not exist in a free state. Water will also spontaneously dissociate into hydronium and hydroxide ions, in the following reaction:

<math>2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O} \Leftrightarrow \mbox{H}_3\mbox{O}^+ + \mbox{OH}^-</math>

The equilibrium of this reaction is far to the left under most conditions, and so pure water will have little hydronium in it. About 1 molecule in 10,000,000 is dissociated.

Since the reaction releases an OH^_ ion, this ion's alkalinity balances hydronium's acidity, and water remains neutral (a hydronium ion concentration of 1 x 10^-7.0).