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General | |||||||||||||||||||
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Name, Symbol, Number | Bromine, Br, 35 | ||||||||||||||||||
Series | Halogens | ||||||||||||||||||
Group, Period, Block | 17 (VIIA), 4 , p | ||||||||||||||||||
Density, Hardness | 3119 kg/m3 (300 K), NA | ||||||||||||||||||
Appearance | Gas: red-brown solid: metallic luster | ||||||||||||||||||
Atomic Properties | |||||||||||||||||||
Atomic weight | 79.904 amu | ||||||||||||||||||
Atomic radius (calc.) | 115 (94) pm | ||||||||||||||||||
Covalent radius | 114 pm | ||||||||||||||||||
van der Waals radius | 185 pm | ||||||||||||||||||
Electron configuration | [Ar]3d10 4s24p5 | ||||||||||||||||||
e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 18, 7 | ||||||||||||||||||
Oxidation states (Oxide) | ±1,5 (strong acid) | ||||||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | Orthorhombic | ||||||||||||||||||
Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||
State of matter | liquid (nonmagnetic) | ||||||||||||||||||
Melting point | 265.8 K (19 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||
Boiling point | 332 K (138 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||
Molar volume | 19.78 ×10-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
Heat of vaporization | 15.438 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
Heat of fusion | 5.286 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure | 5800 Pa at 280.1 K | ||||||||||||||||||
Speed of sound | 206 m/s at 293.15 K | ||||||||||||||||||
Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||
Electronegativity | 2.96 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||
Specific heat capacity | 480 J/(kg*K) | ||||||||||||||||||
Electrical conductivity | no data | ||||||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity | 0.122 W/(m*K) | ||||||||||||||||||
1st ionization potential | 1139.9 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
2nd ionization potential | 2103 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
3rd ionization potential | 3470 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
4th ionization potential | 4560 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
5th ionization potential | 5760 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
6th ionization potential | 8550 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
7th ionization potential | 9940 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
8th ionization potential | 18600 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||
Most Stable Isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||
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SI units & STP are used except where noted. |
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Bromine is highly reactive and is a powerful oxidizing agent in the presence of water. It reacts vigorously with amines, olefins[?] and phenols as well as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones and acids (these are brominated by either addition or substitution). With many of the metals and elements, anhydrous bromine is less reactive than wet bromine; however, dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminum, titanium, mercury as as well as alkaline earth and alkaline metals.
Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizes, inorganic bromides for photography, etc.
Approximately 500 million kilograms ($350 million USD) of bromine are produced per year (2001) worldwide with the United States and Israel being the primary producers.
wikipedia.org dumped 2003-03-17 with terodump