While many individuals are content to play a
musical instrument "by ear" or by practicing individual pieces until a reasonable proficiency is achieved, others wish to develop mastery of one or more instruments, and commonly seek formal instruction in the form of
music lessons. For people attempting to learn their first instrument, typical elements of a lesson are as follows.
Perhaps one of the most obvious things one needs to know about playing an instrument is how to hold it, or sit at it. For many instruments, the best way to move the fingers to achieve a desired effect may not be at all obvious. For example, when playing the
piano, "fingering" — that is, which fingers to put on which keys — is a skill slowly learnt as the student advances, and there are many standard techniques which a teacher can pass on. In addition to fingering, a
guitar player learns how to strum, pluck, etc; players of
wind instruments learn about breath control and
embouchure, and
singers learn how to make the most of their
vocal cords without hurting them.
In order to more fully understand the
music being played, the student must learn about the underlying
music theory. Along with reading
musical notation, students learn rhythmic techniques like controlling
tempo and recognizing
time signatures, as well as the theory of
harmony, including
chords and
key signatures.
In addition to basic theory, a good teacher will stress musicality, or how to make the music sound good. This includes tone, phrasing, and proper use of dynamics.
Although not universally accepted, many teachers drill students with the repetitive playing of certain patterns, such as
scales,
arpeggios, and
rhythms. In addition, there are flexiblity studies, which make it physically easier to play the instrument. There are sets of exercises for piano designed to stretch the connection between fourth and fifth fingers, making them more independent. Brass players practice
lip slurs, which are unarticulated changes in embouchure between
partials[?].
Finally, the teacher will give the student a set of pieces of slowly increasing difficulty. Besides using pieces as an aid to teaching various elements of playing style, a teacher will also confer more esoteric concepts such as expression. Pieces are undeniably more enjoyable than theory or scales, and an emphasis on pieces is usually required to maintain motivation.
Many people believe that music lessons provide children with important developmental benefits beyond simply the knowledge or skill of playing a musical instrument. Research suggests that musical lessons may enhance intelligence and academic achievement, build self-esteem and improve discipline. However, such studies are generally small and poorly controlled.