A S P E C T S - a monthly devotional journal For subscription information on receiving Aspects every month via e-mail, or the laser-printed edition by mail, see NOTES, COPYRIGHT & SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION near the end of this file. Aspects is written by David S. Lampel. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Issue #42, May 1994 (Internet Edition) G O D ' S M I D D L E N A M E ----------------------------------------------------------------- In this issue: Perspective 1 - Yahweh: God, the Father Perspective 2 - Pneuma: God, the Spirit Perspective 3 - Jeshua: God, the Son ----------------------------------------------------------------- And by common confession great is the mystery of godliness: He who was revealed in the flesh, Was vindicated in Spirit, Beheld by angels, Proclaimed among the nations, Believed on in the world, Taken up in glory. -1 Timothy 3:16 NASB I recently received some business correspondence, the envelope of which had my name spelled incorrectly. My name was spelled David C. Lampel, when, if they were going to use my middle initial at all, it should have been David S. Lampel. The envelope got me to thinking about middle names--specifically, the small handful of people who actually know my middle name. Certainly there is the immediate cluster of family members: my wife, my mother, brother, aunt. But outside of the family there is only a small group that is privy to my middle name. _______________________ When parents name their child they, generally, are dealing with three spaces to fill. They can do little about the last name; the family name associates this new life with decades--sometimes centuries--of family history. This is a name that implants heritage into every person on the family tree. The last, family name makes each person bearing that name a part of something bigger than himself. The first name is most often used to make this person unique. The first space in the whole name is where the parents can be creative, hoping to stamp some special identity on this new life. Here the person being named acquires something that will cause them to stand out with personal identity within the many branches of the family tree. The middle space in the name can be used for any number of things, but very often it is used to bind this new life to a particular member of the family. It is as if the parents are saying to their child, "With our last name we attach you to the entirety of our family tree, but with this special, middle name, we associate you with a particular member of that tree." Sometimes a person's middle name will be the first name of a dear, departed cousin or aunt. Sometimes it will be their grandfather's or grandmother's first name. Whatever the connection, the middle name is, somehow, more intimate than the others. Because it is so rarely used, it is very often known only by intimates and relatives. It is personal, and dear, and filled with meaning. _______________________ People who know (and can remember without looking up) my middle name are people who cared enough to ask. They are people who have chosen to draw in closely to my life, to dig deeper and discover those things lying beneath the surface. They are people for whom, when I hear their name, I feel something special inside. People who know my middle name are very often people with whom I have shared intimate thoughts, deep desires and joys, and painful confessions. They care about me as I care about them. They know me in ways that will forever link us as mates--and very often link the two of us together in some eternal endeavor. Eternity will come and go without people learning my middle name, and with little consequence. But the intimate knowledge of God's middle name will have never-ending consequences for every person who ever drew a breath. Do you know God's middle name? ----------------------------------------------------------------- Perspective 1: Y A H W E H ------------- "Looking for God by exploring space is like reading or seeing all Shakespeare's plays in the hope that you will find Shakespeare as one of the characters. Shakespeare is in one sense present at every moment in every play But he is never present in the same way as Falstaff or Lady Macbeth. Nor is he diffused through the play like a gas.If there were an idiot who thought plays existed on their own, without an author . . . our belief in Shakespeare would not be much affected by his saying, quite truly, that he had studied all the plays and never found Shakespeare in them . . .I am not suggesting at all that the existence of God is as easily established as the existence of Shakespeare. My point is that, if God does exist, He is related to the universe more as an author is related to a play than as one object in the universe is related to another . . .To some, God is discoverable everywhere; to others, nowhere. Those who do not find Him on earth are unlikely to find Him in space. But send a saint up in a spaceship and he'll find God in space as he found God on earth."(1) _______________________ God's first name is "God the Father." It is the name that makes Him unique. It is God with a capital "G"--not a small "g." He is not one among many--someone small and insignificant, lost amidst the vast milieu of gods--but the one God. Special. Unique. In the Old Testament, God's proper name is Yahweh, which is typically represented as Lord in the NIV and NASB.(2) And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the Lord:(3) And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name Jehovah was I not known to them.(4) >From the fundamental term for God,'el, we learn that He is almighty Gen 17:1 jealous Exodus 20:5 faithful Deut 7:9 holy Isaiah 5:16 righteous Isaiah 45:21 God Most high Gen 14:18-19 God of eternity Gen 21:33 God of Knowledge 1 Samuel 2:3 God of Glory Psalm 29:3 God of gods Daniel 11:36 _______________________ To some, God the Father is distant and impersonal. He is the God of judgement and wrath; He is the one too holy for our eyes to gaze upon;(5) He is the intimidating Ancient of Days: "As I looked, thrones were set in place, and the Ancient of Days took his seat. His clothing was as white as snow; the hair of his head was white like wool. His throne was flaming with fire, and its wheels were all ablaze."(6) God's first name is His name of power and wrath. It is the name to which we call out in our despair, in the depths of our sin. It is His first name that we worship with our face to the ground, prostrate in reverent humility. God's first name is the name that makes Him unique--it identifies Him as someone apart from anyone else. It is His name of majesty, power, and untouchable holiness. To you I call, O LORD my Rock; do not turn a deaf ear to me. For if you remain silent, I will be like those who have gone down to the pit. [2] Hear my cry for mercy as I call to you for help, as I lift up my hands toward your Most Holy Place.(7) Into the Word ------------- Exodus 3:1-15 __________________________________ Exodus 6:2-3 __________________________________ Exodus 15:1-3 __________________________________ Exodus 34:4-8 __________________________________ Exodus 34:13-14 __________________________________ Lev 19:12 __________________________________ Lev 22:1-2 __________________________________ Lev 22:32 __________________________________ Deut 5:11 __________________________________ Deut 28:58-59 __________________________________ Psalm 34:3 __________________________________ Psalm 72:17-19 __________________________________ Psalm 83:18 __________________________________ Psalm 111:9 __________________________________ Isaiah 52:4-6 __________________________________ Micah 4:2-5 __________________________________ 1 Tim 6:1 __________________________________ Rev 16:9 __________________________________ ----------------------------------------------------------------- Digging Deeper--Moving Higher ----------------------------- Immortal, Invisible Immortal, invisible, God only wise, In light inaccessible hid from our eyes, Most blessed, most glorious, the Ancient of Days, Almighty, victorious--Thy great name we praise. Unresting, unhasting, and silent as light, Nor wanting, nor wasting, Thou rulest in might; Thy justice, like mountains, high soaring above Thy clouds, which are fountains of goodness and love. To all, life Thou givest--to both great and small, In all life Thou livest--the true life of all; We blossom and flourish as leaves on the tree, And wither and perish--but naught changeth Thee. Great Father of glory, pure Father of light, Thine angels adore Thee, all veiling their sight; All praise we would render--O help us to see 'Tis only the splendor of light hideth Thee! (8) Making it Personal ------------------ What is the picture you see in your mind when you consider God's first name? Is it one of utter, untouchable holiness, or is it a picture of Fatherly compassion? Or is it both, depending on what you are bringing to Him? Find a quiet moment. Spend some time contemplating God's first name: God the Father. Leave your mind open--and available to Him to fill with images of Himself. Then jot down descriptions of those attributes. Your first name and your appearance combine to make you unique. There is no one else who shares both of those traits with you. Others may have your first name; you may have an identical twin that has your appearance. But no one has both. Your list above represents how God the Father appears to you. There are other gods and there are other fathers--but none of them share His "appearance." Into the Word ------------- Using the list of God's attributes in the article above as a starting point, continue searching through the Scriptures to compile a list of those attributes and qualities of God the Father. How does this list compare to the one you made under "Making it Personal"? ----------------------------------------------------------------- Perspective 2: P N E U M A (9) ------------- "But when he, the Spirit of truth, comes, he will guide you into all truth. He will not speak on his own; he will speak only what he hears, and he will tell you what is yet to come." "Truth may be compared to some cave or grotto, with wondrous stalactites reaching from the roof, and other marvels reaching from the floor, a cavern glittering with spar and abounding in marvels. Before entering the cavern you enquire for a guide, who comes with his lighted torch. He conducts you down to a considerable depth, and you find yourself in the midst of a cave. He leads you through different chambers. Here he points you to a little stream rushing from amid the rocks and indicates its rise and progress. There he points to some peculiar rock and tells you its name, then takes you into a large natural hall, tells you how many persons once feasted in it, and so on.Truth is a grand series of caverns, it is our glory to have so great and wise a conductor as the Holy Spirit. Imagine that we are coming to the darkness of it. He is a light shining in the midst of us to guide us. And by the light he shows us wonderful things. He teaches us by suggestion, direction, and illumination."(10) _______________________ God's last name is "Holy Spirit." In the Gospel of John, Jesus tells us that "God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth."(11) The King James Version says that God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. Spirit is what God is. Because God pre-dates anything else, He has no lineage, no family tree from which He emerged. But He has something very close to a lineage--He has a type: God is a spirit. As a spirit, it only makes sense that when God selected someone with which to connect us permanently to Him, He would choose a spirit. When we take Christ as Lord--thereby entering God's family and realm--He gives us a gift. God says, "So that you will know that you now belong to Me, so that you will have access to My mind, so that others will know you are Mine--I give you My Holy Spirit." Likewise, if we are to need a companion, a partner, as we go to battle with the enemy, who better to have by our side than a spirit. . . For our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms.(12) To many, God's last name is a mystical, mysterious thing. Many people refer to the Holy Spirit as an "it," but Jesus makes it clear that the Spirit is a "He": "If you love me, you will obey what I command. [16] And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Counselor to be with you forever--[17] the Spirit of truth. The world cannot accept him, because it neither sees him nor knows him. But you know him, for he lives with you and will be in you."(13) In human terms, our last name binds us to our clan. We shake hands with someone, tell them our name, and they reply, "Oh, then you're one of the Smiths from down the street," or "Didn't I have your older brother in my algebra class?" In eternal terms, God has bound us to His clan by giving us His last name: the Holy Spirit. He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal by the Holy Spirit, [6] whom he poured out on us generously through Jesus Christ our Savior, [7] so that, having been justified by his grace, we might become heirs having the hope of eternal life.(14) Into the Word ------------- Matthew 1:18 __________________________________ Matthew 3:11 __________________________________ Matthew 4:1 __________________________________ Matthew 10:19-20 __________________________________ Matthew 12:18 __________________________________ Matthew 12:28 __________________________________ Matthew 12:31-32 __________________________________ Matthew 28:19 __________________________________ Luke 1:41 __________________________________ Luke 2:26 __________________________________ Luke 12:11-12 __________________________________ John 3:5-6 __________________________________ John 3:8 __________________________________ John 6:63 __________________________________ John 7:39 __________________________________ John 14:16-17 __________________________________ John 14:26 __________________________________ John 15:26 __________________________________ John 16:13 __________________________________ John 16:15 __________________________________ Acts 1:1-8 __________________________________ Acts 1:16 __________________________________ Acts 2:4 __________________________________ Acts 2:17-18 __________________________________ Acts 4:31 __________________________________ Acts 5:32 __________________________________ Acts 6:3 __________________________________ Acts 8:29 __________________________________ Acts 8:39 __________________________________ Acts 10:19 __________________________________ Acts 11:12 __________________________________ Acts 11:28 __________________________________ Acts 13:2 __________________________________ Acts 15:28 __________________________________ Acts 16:6-7 __________________________________ Acts 20:23 __________________________________ Romans 8:2 __________________________________ Romans 8:9 __________________________________ Romans 8:16 __________________________________ Romans 8:26-27 __________________________________ Romans 15:16-19 __________________________________ 1 Cor 2:9-14 __________________________________ 1 Cor 6:11 __________________________________ 1 Cor 12:4-12 __________________________________ 2 Cor 1:21-22 __________________________________ 2 Cor 3:6-18 __________________________________ 2 Cor 5:5 __________________________________ (continued in the next section) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Digging Deeper--Moving Higher ----------------------------- Come, Holy Spirit, Heavenly Dove Come, Holy Spirit, heavenly Dove, with all Thy quickening powers; Kindle a flame of sacred love in these cold hearts of ours. In vain we tune our formal songs, in vain we strive to rise; Hosannas languish on our tongues, and our devotion dies. Dear Lord, and shall we ever live at this poor dying rate? Our love so faint, so cold to Thee, and Thine to us so great! Come, Holy Spirit, heavenly Dove, with all Thy quickening powers; Come, shed abroad a Saviour's love, and that shall kindle ours.(15) Making it Personal ------------------ How do you normally feel about people who share your last name? How are they different, to you, from other people? As someone with the same last name, as a "joint-heir with Christ,"(16) what privileges are available to you? If God is a spirit, and if He has bound us to Himself by means of the Spirit, does this then make us a spirit? If we share the same name, are we now of the same type? If we are not of the same type, is it an uncomfortable union (body/Spirit)? If we are not of the same type, will we ever be? Into the Word ------------- (continued from above) Gal 4:6 __________________________________ Gal 5:5 __________________________________ Gal 5:16-18 __________________________________ Gal 5:22-25 __________________________________ Eph 1:13-17 __________________________________ Eph 2:2 __________________________________ Eph 2:18 __________________________________ Eph 3:5 __________________________________ Eph 3:16 __________________________________ Eph 4:30 __________________________________ Eph 6:17-18 __________________________________ Phil 1:18-19 __________________________________ Phil 3:3 __________________________________ 1 Thes 1:5-6 __________________________________ 2 Thes 2:13 __________________________________ 1 Tim 3:16-4:1 __________________________________ 2 Tim 1:14 __________________________________ Titus 3:5 __________________________________ Hebrews 2:4 __________________________________ Hebrews 9:8 __________________________________ Hebrews 9:14 __________________________________ Hebrews 10:15-17 __________________________________ 1 Peter 1:2 __________________________________ 1 Peter 1:12 __________________________________ 1 Peter 3:18 __________________________________ 2 Peter 1:21 __________________________________ 1 John 3:24 __________________________________ 1 John 4:13 __________________________________ 1 John 5:6-8 __________________________________ Jude 1:20 __________________________________ Rev 1:10 __________________________________ Rev 3:22 __________________________________ Rev 17:3 __________________________________ Rev 22:17 __________________________________ I highly recommend time spent reading these passages which--even though this list is abridged--describe the overwhelming scope of the Spirit's ministry and character . A profitable project would be to compile a list, from these references, of the work, the nature, and the attributes of the Holy Spirit--God's last name. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Perspective 3: J E S H U A ------------- "God could, had He pleased, have been incarnate in a man of iron nerves, the Stoic sort who lets no sigh escape him. Of His great humility He chose to be incarnate in a man of delicate sensibilities who wept at the grave of Lazarus and sweated blood in Gethsemane. Otherwise we should have missed the great lesson that it is by his will alone that a man is good or bad, and that feelings are not, in themselves, of any importance. We should also have missed the all-important help of knowing that He has faced all that the weakest of us face, has shared not only the strength of our nature but every weakness of it except sin. If He had been incarnate in a man of immense natural courage, that would have been for many of us almost the same as His not being incarnate at all."(17) _______________________ So, do you know God's middle name? The question has become almost rhetorical. But has it. There are actually three ways we could ask this question--and your answer cannot be presumed for them all. Do you know what God's middle name is? Of course you do. By the process of elimination alone, at this point you know that we are speaking of the name of Jesus, the Christ, the Son of God. Do you know God's middle name personally? Is He a friend? Chances are good, if you are reading this, that you do. Chances are good that at some point in your life you publicly declared that Jesus Christ was your Savior and friend. Do you really *know* God's middle name? Ah, now, this question might not be so easily answered. Earlier I said that people who know my middle name are those who have cared to dig beneath the surface of my life. People who know my middle name are generally those with whom I have shared more than just a casual "howdy" on the street. They are not just friends, but intimates. God, in Jesus, became, for a little while, something less than Himself. While never losing the power and might and singularity of His first name--nor the essential type of His last--God took upon Himself a third, a more common name, a more touchable, intimate name. He was saying, "I want to give you the opportunity to know Me so well that you learn my middle name. If you take the time to do that, I'll take you into my family; if you have the faith to believe that `Jesus' is My middle name, you will begin to know me well--we will have begun an intimate relationship." How many of us, however, learned God's middle name then stopped nurturing the relationship? There are people who noticed my middle initial and inquired; I told them the name it abbreviates; they smiled, said, "That's nice," then walked away, never to learn more about me. Is that the kind of relationship you have with God's middle name? Did you care enough to learn it--maybe even remember it--but not care enough to learn more, to really develop the relationship, to be intimate with Him? But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels, now crowned with glory and honor because he suffered death, so that by the grace of God he might taste death for everyone. [10] In bringing many sons to glory, it was fitting that God, for whom and through whom everything exists, should make the author of their salvation perfect through suffering. [11] Both the one who makes men holy and those who are made holy are of the same family. So Jesus is not ashamed to call them brothers.(18) Into the Word ------------- The Divinity of Jesus ... as Jehovah the shepherd Isaiah 40:10-11 Hebrews 13:20-21 ... as the messenger of the covenant Malachi 3:1 Luke 2:27 ... as the mighty God Isaiah 9:6 ... as God over all Romans 9:5 ... as Emmanuel Isaiah 7:14 Matthew 1:23 ... as the Holy One 1 Sam 2:2 Acts 3:14 ... as Lord of the sabbath Genesis 2:3 Matthew 12:8 ... as Son of God Matthew 26:63-67 ... as the only begotten Son of the Father John 1:14-18 John 3:16-18 1 John 4:9 ... One with the Father John 10:30-38 John 12:45 John 14:7-10 John 17:10 ... Sending the Spirit with the Father John 14:16 John 15:26 ... As unsearchable equally with the Father Prov 30:4 Matthew 11:27 ... As Creator of all things Isaiah 40:28 John 1:3 Col 1:16 (continued in next section) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Digging Deeper--Moving Higher ----------------------------- Jesus! Jesus! Jesus! Jesus! Jesus! Jesus! Sing aloud the Name; Till it softly, slowly, sets all hearts aflame. Jesus! Name of cleansing, washing all our stains; Jesus! Name of healing, balm for all our pains. Jesus! Name of boldness, making cowards brave; Name! that in the battle, certainly must save. Jesus! Name of beauty, beauty far too bright For our earth-born fancy, for our mortal sight. Jesus! be our joy-note in this vale of tears; Till we reach the homeland, and th' eternal years.(19) Making it Personal ------------------ Spend some time thinking about your acquaintances and friends. Think about people just met, people you met last week and the week before. Think about those who you've known for several months, several years. Think about those who have been a part of your life for as long as you can recall. Think about people you went to high school with, junior high, even grade school; think about those who are still a part of your life--and those you haven't thought of in years. Think of all the different types of friendships you have right now. Which type would you apply to your relationship with Jesus Christ? Into the Word ------------- (continued from above) The Humanity of Jesus Matthew 20:26-28 __________________________________ Matthew 21:9 __________________________________ Matthew 26:26-28 __________________________________ Matthew 26:36-45 __________________________________ Mark 9:12 __________________________________ Mark 10:33 __________________________________ Mark 10:45 __________________________________ Mark 14:34 __________________________________ Luke 2:11-14 __________________________________ Luke 18:31 __________________________________ Luke 19:10 __________________________________ Luke 22:48 __________________________________ John 1:14 __________________________________ John 5:27 __________________________________ John 12:34-36 __________________________________ Gal 4:4-7 __________________________________ Phil 2:6-8 __________________________________ 1 Tim 2:5 __________________________________ Hebrews 2:9-10 __________________________________ Hebrews 2:14-18 __________________________________ 1 John 4:2-3 __________________________________ 2 John 1:7 __________________________________ Rev 1:13 __________________________________ Rev 14:14 __________________________________ A Final Thought --------------- The components of our name are isolated and combined in different ways to be used by different people on different occasions. When I was a young boy, and my mother wanted to bring me up short for doing something wrong, she'd say, in a sharp and stern tone, "David Steven!" When my neighborhood friends wanted me to come out to play, they would call out, "Hey, Dave!" A friend and I, today, refer to each other by the shorthand of our initials: in his notes I am "DSL." But for most of my years in the Navy, I was just "Lampel." Throughout my life people have used many different combinations of my three names to refer to me (not to mention the abominable variations they would contrive for their jest). Each version of my name would represent the relationship that existed (or was intended to exist) between me and that person--as well as reflect the occasion. In each case, however, no matter what combination of names or initials was used, they would still be referring to the same person: me. Beneath the label of every one of God's three names lies God--and therein lies the wonderful mystery of the Trinity. No matter whether we call upon God the Father, Jesus Christ or the Holy Spirit, we are calling upon God--in whom all Aspects dwell. ======================================================================== NOTES, COPYRIGHT & SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION Notes ----- 1 C.S. Lewis, A Mind Awake: An Anthology of C.S. Lewis (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), p74. 2 Lawrence O. Richards, Expository Dictionary of Bible Words (Zondervan, 1985), p.313. 3 Hebrew Strong's #3068. Yehovah, yeh-ho-vaw'; from Heb 1961; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God:-Jehovah, the Lord. Comp. Heb 3050, Heb 3069. 4 Exodus 6:2-3 KJV. 5 Exodus 33:18-23. 6 Daniel 7:9. 7 Psalm 28:1-2. 8 Walter Chalmers Smith. 9 The Greek pneuma is translated "Spirit" in the New Testament, and is combined with "Holy" to identify the third member of the Trinity. 10 Charles Haddon Spurgeon, The Quotable Spurgeon (Shaw, 1990), p.22. Scripture: John 16:13a. 11 John 4:24. 12 Ephesians 6:12. 13 John 14:15-17. 14 Titus 3:5b-7. 15 Isaac Watts (1674-1748). 16 Romans 8:17. 17 C.S. Lewis, A Mind Awake: An Anthology of C.S. Lewis (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), p.93. 18 Hebrews 2:9-11. 19 Unknown. Copyright Information --------------------- All original material in Aspects is Copyright (C) 1995 David S. Lampel. This data file is the sole property of David S. Lampel. It may not be altered or edited in any way. It may be reproduced only in its entirety for circulation as "freeware," without charge. All reproductions of this data file must contain the copyright notice (i.e., "Copyright (C) 1995 David S. Lampel."). This data file may not be used without the permission of David S. Lampel for resale or the enhancement of any other product sold. This includes all of its content. Brief quotations not to exceed more than 500 words may be used, with the appropriate copyright notice, to enhance or supplement personal or church devotions, newsletters, journals, or spoken messages. Unless otherwise indicated, all Scripture is from the New International Version. NIV quotations are from the Holy Bible: New International Version, Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984 by the International Bible Society. Used by permission. NASB quotations are from the New American Standard Bible (C) 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977 by The Lockman Foundation. Subscription Information ------------------------ Aspects is published monthly. There are two preferred methods of receiving it on a regular basis: 1) You may subscribe to the laser-printed (hard copy) edition, which is sent out via regular mail. This edition is different from this file you are reading in the following ways: - a "typeset" look, with italics, larger titles and headings, etc. - Scripture text and quotations are more obviously set apart - lines printed for your notes after each question - arrives pre-punched for a 3-ring binder - generally looks better 2) You may subscribe to the e-mail edition, which will be "mailed" to you directly each month. This edition will be formatted just like this file you are now reading--which still contains all the text of the printed edition. There is no charge for either option. For a free subscription to Aspects, send a note to "dlampel@dlampel.com" Please specify the method by which you wish to receive Aspects. Be sure to include your postal mailing address if you choose the printed edition. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Aspects is distributed free-of-charge, without obligation, in service to our Lord and to His glory. Reader opinions are always welcome, as are insights into the published material. Send all comments to the above address. We always appreciate hearing when someone has been edified by this work. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Notes on the "online" Format ---------------------------- Certain adaptations to the text are necessary for distribution of this ASCII edition of Aspects. Endnote reference numbers are enclosed in parentheses (); quotations are enclosed by quotation marks " ", and are further set apart from original text by indentation and the presence of a following endnote reference; Scripture references are indented and cite the reference in the first line. If you would prefer reading Aspects in its more native, printed form, we would encourage you to subscribe to the edition that is mailed out every month. ---------------------------------------------- file: /pub/resources/text/aspects: asp-042.txt