GLOSSARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH HACKER THEOCRATESE =============================================== Lynn D. Newton Copyright (c) 1995 Lynn D. Newton 14034 N. 37th Street Phoenix, AZ 85032 USA Internet: lynn@phx.mcd.mot.com *********************************************************** * NOTE FOR ASCII TEXT VERSION ONLY: * * * * This book was originally typeset with the powerful * * public domain typesetting language TeX, using the LaTeX * * macro package. The version you are now reading is a * * text file extraction, specially reformatted to be * * useful as an online document, but not nearly as * * attractive as the original. * * * * This book is available in LaTeX source code, from which * * persons with TeX software may generate a complete copy * * identical to the original. It is also available as a * * premade TeX output file and in a conversion to * * PostScript. You can get it formatted either for * * standard 8.5x11" paper or the A4 European standard * * paper size. * * * * If you like this book you may decide later you would * * like to have a copy printed in a nicer format. See * * details below on how to obtain one. * * * *********************************************************** ABSTRACT -------- The "Glossary of American English Hacker Theocratese" is about language Jehovah's Witnesses use in everyday life. But the "Glossary" is more than a mere word book. Its extended definitions, commentaries and anecdotes provide a miniature profile of the state of a culture. There is no confidential information in the "Glossary". Though copyrighted, the "Glossary" is a free book; it may be shared with anyone. It is not the purpose of this "Glossary" to emulate, criticize, or in any way to compete with publications of the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. Effort was put forth to assure its contents are accurate, but it should not be considered authoritative. The "Glossary" should provide enjoyable recreational reading for anyone who encounters it. It may be read straight through, browsed at random, or consulted as a reference work, e.g., by readers whose primary language is not English. Most head-words have short and simple definitions. Some entries include expanded commentary. Head-words are sorted alphabetically, without regard to case. Many cross references are marked. Abundant examples have been included. ABOUT THIS BOOK --------------- This is the "Glossary of American English Hacker Theocratese". The book is: Copyright (c) 1995 Lynn D. Newton[1] 14034 N. 37th Street Phoenix, AZ 85032 USA Internet: lynn@phx.mcd.mot.com [1] A {brother} of the *male* variety, serving Jehovah since 1971, presently as an elder in Paradise Valley Congregation, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. The "Glossary" is about language used by {Jehovah's Witnesses}[2] in everyday life. There is nothing confidential, sensitive or secret about its contents. The information in it may be shared with anyone; in fact, I *encourage* its circulation. Thus I have made it easy to do so. (See the next section.) [2] Phrases enclosed in curly brackets {like this} are cross references to head-words found in the "Glossary" body. NOTE: If you expect the following information about redistribution, history, and conventions to be boring, or you don't want to read it, skip ahead to the section entitled "THE GLOSSARY", where the head-word entries begin. Redistribution Policy --------------------- Computer novices beware: a little computer talk follows. Don't be intimidated by it. o The "Glossary of American English Hacker Theocratese" is a *free book*. o An electronic copy may be obtained from various ftp and World Wide Web sites located around the world on the {Internet}, and from certain {bulletin board systems}. If you have Internet access, it is very easy to get one. However, these sites may change occasionally. Write to me at the address listed in the copyright for suggestions on where to look for it if you do not know.[3] [3] Electronic mail preferred, and is fastest. o The "Glossary" is distributed in the following electronic formats: - As a collection of several LaTeX source code files, ready for processing. - As a single device-independent (.dvi) LaTeX output file, ready for printing by the appropriate printer driver, or processing with a PostScript conversion utility such as dvips. - As a single PostScript (.ps) file, produced from the master .dvi file, ready for printing on a PostScript device. The book is laid out to print on standard 8.5x11"} paper. A special version that prints on European standard A4 paper (210x297mm) is also available for those who want it. --------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: *PostScript* is the format I recommend, for those who are able to print it! --------------------------------------------------------------- - As a single {ASCII} text file, a special extraction made to be used with text editors, mail programs, and filters like grep. - Other formats may become available later, e.g., for standard {PC} word processors, if volunteers do the work of converting it. o The "Glossary" may be redistributed or quoted in whole or in part without asking the permission of the author.[4] [4] But please don't claim you wrote the funny parts! o The copyright notices must be included with any redistribution of the "Glossary". This is not necessary when merely quoting short extracts from it. - LaTeX source files each have internal copyrights. These should be left in. o The *revised* policy about making reproductions of the "Glossary" is as follows:[5] [5] Formerly I requested that persons redistributing the "Glossary" not charge others even media costs for reproducing it, to avoid any semblance of money changing hands as a result of this book. But such a requirement severely limits the possibility of its distribution. - Try first to obtain a free electronic copy from the Internet, a bulletin board, or a friend who has one. If your desire is to print a {hard copy}, be sure to obtain it in a format you can print on your computer. - You are free to photocopy anyone else's copy. The "Glossary" has been formatted to print on standard paper sizes. - If you provide one or more copies for another person, you should recoup only whatever expenses you incurred for the medium of reproduction itself. No additional service charge should be made. - Regrettably, I am unable to supply more than a few printed copies for people myself. But if you are unable to get a one from any other source, write me a note and I will see what I can do to help you out. Kudos ----- This book was not created in a vacuum. Many persons have helped along the way. Because I cannot thank everyone who contributed ideas and comments by name without inadvertently leaving out someone, I am obligated to limit myself to mentioning just a few people. It is certainly appropriate to acknowledge Jehovah God first, as the Creator of the pure language of Truth, and the One who has given his people the tongue to speak about him with accurate knowledge and freedom of speech. Among human servants of Jehovah, I wish to thank Jan Steinar Haugland and his wife Kirsten from Bergen, Norway for the many stimulating electronic conversations we have had, one of which provided the spark that led to the creation of this "Glossary". Jan contributed detailed reviews and much encouragement. Kirsten also made helpful suggestions. Thanks goes to Jon L. White from California, for his astute and lengthy reviews and for many recommendations. Numerous head-words and enthusiastic fan-like support were sent by Alan Gauld in Scotland. John Wadsworth in England, and Boris Chen and Jamie Villareal, both from California each supplied several head-word ideas. The cover art was rendered by Tom Johnson from Arizona. Laura Falk from Michigan provided the LaTeX code for the chart under {Governing Body}, and served generously as a LaTeX advisor. I am grateful to numerous other Internet {friends} for useful head-word examples, both deliberate and inadvertent. And assuredly, I am grateful to all of Jehovah's American English speaking Witnesses, whose daily language is the subject of this work. Finally, I must not neglect to thank my greatest helpers, namely my wife Suzy and my daughter Cyra-Lea, especially for not complaining while I spent long evenings hard at work on the "Glossary". PURPOSE AND HISTORY OF THE GLOSSARY ----------------------------------- This is the third released version of the "Glossary". The first appeared in November 1993 as a single unformatted ASCII file, and contained 372 head-word entries. The second, with 453 head-words, was released in January 1994, and was prepared using the TeX typesetting language and the LaTeX macro set. A text file extraction was also made. At this writing, the "Glossary" has 872 head-words and is still growing. The present edition of the "Glossary" greatly transcends its original purpose. Its initial intent was to serve as a reference list for some Witnesses whose native tongue is not English. It provided a table of common {theocratic} and miscellaneous other expressions as currently rendered in American English. It may still be used for that purpose. Suppose, for instance, a {brother} named Hans, who speaks Pidgin-German, is struggling to relate his life experience in broken English via electronic mail to a brother in another part of the world. He is describing that day when someone dipped him in water in symbol of his dedication to Jehovah. Hans knows that process by the term "wasserdunken", but he doubts that English speakers call it by the cognatic equivalent `water dunking'. So Hans uses a computer program with the ability to search for text matches, or a {hard copy}, and looks through the "Glossary" for the word `water'. Eventually he comes upon the head-word {baptism}. After reading the simple entry, Hans says to himself "Ach, Freude, ich bin so verhappified! Dass ist looken like der gut W"ort!" And he is correct. The "Glossary" outgrew its original intent long before the first version was circulated. Since its beginning the "Glossary" has become much more than a mere vocabulary table for non-English-speaking persons. It has become a labor of love, and a gift to all persons who want to have it. I have attempted to interject some extra features into the work in the hope that they might motivate readers of any tongue who are interested in theocratic speech to consume it from beginning to end. Despite the "Glossary's" original purpose, I have made no attempt in any version to simplify the writing for the sake of {foreign speaking} readers. A reader who does not already know English fairly well might find tough sledding ahead; but perhaps his English will improve in return for the effort. Concerning the Title -------------------- The title of a book is supposed to tell the reader something about its contents. Why is the title of this one so long and hard to remember? Does it mean that the book is long and its contents are hard to remember? The title was conceived as follows: o A *Glossary* is a collection of terms limited to a special area of knowledge or usage. The label *dictionary* would be too formal for this work. o That it is in *English* is self-evident. It is in *American* English because I have documented what is essentially my own personal experience with {theocratic} terminology; and it has been my experience to have spent my entire life (except for parts of three days in Canada) in the USA. o *Hacker* has been added to the title because the "Glossary's" existence sprung from a need expressed by an international group of brothers and sisters who associate informally with one another over the Internet, the world's largest computer network, by means of an {email} alias called {friends}. Most of the *friends* are computer and network literate, and many are computer professionals. Thus a few computer-oriented {hacker} terms and expressions have been included as head-words, primarily the most widely-used acronyms, for the sake of readers who are computer novices. o *Theocratese* is a neologism.[6] It means `the language of theocratic speech'. The existence of such an entity is confirmed by the Bible writer Zephaniah: For then I shall give to peoples the change to a pure language, in order for them all to call upon the name of Jehovah, in order to serve him shoulder to shoulder. (Zep 3:9)} [6] A *neologism* is a new word, usage, or expression, and a *neologist* is one who invents them. Thus *Theocratese* is a word of my own invention. My online dictionary provides a second definition for *neologism*, namely ``a meaningless word coined by a psychotic.'' I have been claiming to be a neologist for years, but never realized how accurate I was. :-) (See {emoticons}.) Head-Word Sources ----------------- This "Glossary" is strictly for pleasure. It is in *no way* intended to supersede, replace, compete with, emulate, correct, or criticize the content of anything published by the {Watchtower Bible and Tract Society}. The Society's dignified publications address the reader with the fatherly voice of God by means of Jesus' {faithful and discreet slave}. This lowly "Glossary" addresses the reader with the flippant voice of Lynn. Like a dictionary, it is not intended to dictate policy, but merely to document one man's study of the state of a cultural practice. The master list of head-word entries was compiled from many sources. For the most part I used my memory, noting things I had heard before as they came to mind or as they popped up in conversation, at meetings, or in the {literature}. Many people sent me head-words, suggesting that I use them. I also combed the index to the book "Jehovah's Witnesses --- Proclaimers of God's Kingdom". Some terms become ingrained in our way of communicating through repeated hearing. For instance, a particularly memorable illustration or turn of phrase might be published in a magazine. Assembly parts are another rich source of new expressions. Jehovah's Witnesses all read the same literature and hear essentially the same convention programs. Images stick in the mind and are reused, sometimes so much that they become clich'es. As you read you may notice that some head-words are references to concepts, ideas, or practices. (See {politically correct speech}, {beard}, {first initial}, {applause}.) This is another aspect in which this work has stepped beyond the scope of a word book. Most of this "Glossary" was written before the existence and entirely without the assistance of the Society's "Watchtower Library" on {CD-ROM}.[7] However I do happen to possess a largish {online} collection of the Society's literature scanned into ASCII text files. I refer to this collection many times as my `online literature base'. It was used for many of the examples, and as the source of information about term counts. Comments about counts are now largely irrelevant in light of the CD-ROM resource.[8] [7] Because I don't have one, nor a {PC} to use it on. [8] In fact, it is safe to assume all counts would be significantly higher if I used the CD-ROM for searches. This "Glossary" contains no entries for the names of individuals or places mentioned in the Bible. It discusses only a few topics that are covered in our Bible encyclopedia "Insight on the Scriptures". [it] Although this book deals with *American* English speech, I have included a few Briticisms, i.e., expressions used by those *other* English-speaking people who reside in the British Isles. Every one was given to me by a Brit, and was previously unknown by me. There are significant differences in the idioms we use, so I decided to include a small sampling. As author George Bernard Shaw once said: Britain and the Unites States are two countries separated by a common language. Some Disjointed Thoughts ------------------------ The "Glossary" is written entirely in first person. It records my personal experience (since early 1970) with English theocratic speech. Thus I have been able to avoid the use of the passive voice and expressions like *the author* or the formal *we* as though I were talking about someone else. Notice the different effect of the following renditions: This sentence was written by the author. [very weak] This sentence was written by me. [still weak] I wrote this sentence. [strong and direct] Another reason I have identified myself as the author rather than submitting it anonymously is as a practical step. It is necessary for someone to take ownership of the things the "Glossary" says, and to be responsible for maintaining and correcting it. The copyright is to protect it from misuse by unscrupulous persons. In the "Glossary" body many head-words are followed only by simple definitions. However, some entries include expanded commentaries, mini-essays on theocratic life. I hope you find these enjoyable, informative, thought provoking, and even *funny* at times. You are free to disagree with and criticize anything within these pages without fear of insulting me or of becoming suspected of apostasy. Sometimes I even disagree with myself. In the words of a famous intellectual named Russell:[9] You say I contradict myself? Very well, then, I contradict myself. [9] Bertrand, not Charles Taze. Or perhaps as Pontius Pilate put it: What I have written I have written. (Joh 19:22) On occasion I have vented my personal opinions. The task of discerning where and disagreeing or ignoring them as appropriate is left as a task for the reader. ;-) I have taken the liberty of indulging in occasional *jokes*, wisecracks, sarcastic remarks, sardonic wit, tasteless asides, and tongue-in-cheek humor; at least *I* laughed when I wrote the stuff.[10] It is hoped that this will contribute to more pleasurable reading. Not everyone tunes in to my understated sense of humor. This is not intended to offend anyone, but rather to direct the reader away from taking this work too seriously. I have avoided facetiousness in contexts where it is obviously inappropriate. [10] My online dictionary defines *humor* as ``the mental faculty of discovering, expressing, or appreciating the ludicrous or absurdly incongruous'', also ``one of the four fluids entering into the constitution of the body and determining by their relative proportions a person's health and temperament''. I did pour a few fluids into my body while writing the "Glossary", but none of them said `humor' on the label, though certain ones did have a notable impact on my attitude and behavior. English-speaking persons who read this "Glossary" may find parts of it ultra-simple or even boring. Theocratic terminology is not complex, arcane or intended only for erudite[11] scholars, but straightforward standard English that has come to be used in ways that have special meaning to {Jehovah's people}. These things we also speak, not with words taught by human wisdom, but with those taught by [the] spirit, as we combine spiritual [matters] with spiritual [words]. (1 Co 2:13) [11] Persons who don't know what erudite means aren't. Don't worry about it. This book is for you. No attempt has been made to provide exhaustive coverage of all theocratic terms, though there are many. Now I exhort YOU, brothers, to bear with this word of encouragement, for I have, indeed, composed a letter to YOU in few words. (Heb 13:22) Although every effort has been made to explain things as accurately as possible, I make no claim that everything written herein is absolutely correct. Readers are welcome to submit comments, modifications, and additions for consideration. In the case of corrections, references to the Society's publications would be appreciated. (See the final section, "Glossary Maintenance".) Definitions that can be shown to conflict with {New World Society} usage will be corrected in future versions. The congregator sought to find the delightful words and the writing of correct words of truth. (Ecc 12:10) Midstream Changes ----------------- Readers of previous versions of the "Glossary" may recall a section entitled "Things to Avoid" with its own set of head-words. These terms deal with speech patterns that are not recommended although they are in use. I found it was confusing to have two sets of head-words, so I merged all these entries into the main body of head-word entries. The entry text should make clear what practices are not recommended. In the course of developing the present volume, I began a section entitled "Religiosity and Pomposity". Its entries were ultimately merged with the others for the same reason. Its content included some common words and expressions generally associated with the flavor of Christianity practiced in {Christendom} that are either not a part of theocratic speech, or have an entirely different meaning to speakers of the {Truth}. In several instances there is nothing intrinsically inappropriate about the term being defined.[12] In such cases, their non-use in theocratic speech serves to emphasize the separateness between the Truth and {Babylon's} form of worship. [12] See {hymn}, {pastor}. The meanings of other terms from this group have become highly distorted in many people's perceptions because of the false teachings of the churches of {Christendom}.[13] In such cases, God's people substitute other less colored terms. These entries attempt to explain some of the differences. [13] See {church}, {hell}. For the Uninitiated ------------------- Some non-Witnesses will read this "Glossary". Although the orientation of this book is definitely toward those who are experienced in the {Truth}, outsiders are abundantly welcome to read it. A few {opposers} may even read with the intent of seeking inside information or statements that could be used to discredit Jehovah's Witnesses. You will find nothing of the kind herein. In any case, this book is entirely the work of its lone author, who worked independently and without the cooperation and knowledge of the {Watchtower Society}, and who takes complete responsibility for what it says. Therefore, if anyone is discredited by what it says, it is only I myself. Non-Witnesses who are reading this book out of general interest should be aware at the outset that Jehovah's Witnesses are not a closed society, not a {sect}, and not a {cult}; there is nothing secret about their beliefs or activities. In fact, their omnipresence is often the target of the jokes of comedians who can find nothing else about them to make jokes about. Therefore, you are openly invited to read and enjoy this book to the full. We *want* you to know about the things that we know. Perhaps something in this book may even move you to find out more about the {Kingdom message} that Jehovah's Witnesses have been spreading throughout the earth. You may be surprised to learn that in most ways Jehovah's Witnesses as a people are no different from anyone else. They work and live in the community like others, are known to be model citizens, have their share of problems and imperfections, and are different from others mainly in their singular devotion to the worship of Jehovah God, the Sovereign of the Universe. The Watchtower Society's videotape production "Jehovah's Witnesses --- The People Behind the Name" is an outstanding introduction to Jehovah's Witnesses as a people, far better than this "Glossary". If you have not seen it and would like to, any Witness will be happy to help you obtain a copy. GLOSSARY STYLE CONVENTIONS -------------------------- The style of this "Glossary" loosely imitates conventions used in the popular "Jargon File", published by MIT Press under the name "The New Hacker's Dictionary".[14] Some points of style that may enhance your understanding follow. [14] ISBN 0-262-68069-6. o Head-words are sorted alphabetically, without regard to case. This is contrary to the normal hacker practice of ASCII collation, wherein upper case precedes lower case. Where there are multiple comma-separated entries, the comma was taken into account in the sort. For instance, {Bethel service} precedes {Bethel, Bethel home}. This is not the most intuitive scheme, but it made it easier for me to keep things in the right order. o Head-words are printed flush left in bold type,[15] followed by defining text and commentary in hanging indented paragraphs. [15] In the ASCII extraction they are delimited by colons, e.g., :antediluvian:. o Closely related terms explained in a single entry are delimited by commas within the head-word. o A head-word that includes square-bracketed words like :foo [bar, baz]: means the entry contains definitions for `foo bar' and `foo baz'.[16] [16] Don't bother to try looking that one up. o Cross references are enclosed in curly brackets, e.g., {robodog}. No rigorous attempt has been made to mark them all. o Sometimes the curly bracketed reference has a different grammatical form from the head-word label, e.g., it is in the plural form or a different tense, so I can use it smoothly in the sentence the citation appears in. o <> This delta symbol signals that what follows is an example, like this: <> ``This is an example sentence in double quotes.'' Cross references are not marked within examples. Some examples do not use any form of the head-word. In all such cases the reason for the example should nonetheless be apparent. NOTE for ASCII text version only: In the original, the example symbol is a Greek upper case delta, but because that symbol is unavailable in the standard character set, I have replaced it with the digraph shown above. o I have constructed example sentences so as to make idiomatic use of terms that demonstrate typical usage in a theocratic context. o [obs], meaning *obsolete*, is a symbol that follows some head-words, inserted prior to the defining text. It means that the term was formerly used, but is no longer considered current. o I tried to be careful about upper and lower case conventions. Where the expression appears in upper and lower case in the head-word, as in :Governing Body:, it is generally seen that way in print within the {Society's} publications. o Scriptures are quoted from the "New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures". All book names use a three-letter abbreviation, e.g., Act and 1 Co, not Acts and 1 Cor. o Occasional references to the Society's publications are cited using the Society's {publication symbol} as used in the {Indexes}, enclosed in square brackets. <> ``The abbreviation [jv-E] refers to the English language edition of the book "Jehovah's Witnesses --- Proclaimers of God's Kingdom".'' NOTE for ASCII text version only: As shown in the previous quote, The TeX practice of discriminating between a normal hyphen and a dash, written as `-' and `---' respectively in TeX (because they print differently), has been retained in the text extraction. o Single quotes mark expressions and terms within definitions, and double quotes are used for quoting speech (usually contrived), as in the example sentences. o Most punctuation has been put outside of single quotes, but inside double quoted text, except in example sentences. This is contrary to traditional publishing practice, but has become standard among hackers. NOTES for ASCII text version only: You may notice what appears to be an unusual mixing of quotational styles in this file. - Where the original used `...' it has been retained rather than using the style '...' that is commoner to hacker style typing. - Where the original uses ``...'' to quote speech, this has been retained rather than using "...". + Because of this nested quotes sometimes begin or end with three single quotes: ```...'...'' or ``...`...''' - Where titles of books, articles, or subheadings are cited, these are enclosed in standard typewriter style double quotes: "...". In the printed version they are in bold face. + As a result sometimes combinations like ``"..."...'' are seen. These are not mistakes. o I use many more footnotes than is considered appropriate in formal writing.[17] NOTE for ASCII text version only: To make the footnotes stand out I have put them in square brackets. Because the text version has no pages in the usual sense, footnote text was included with the bracketed number flush left as soon after the paragraphs they are found in as convenient. [17] They create melodramatic asides. o I use *slanted type* for emphasis more often than is usually necessary in formal writing. It seems to give the writing a more conversational tone. <> ``You really *should* read the *entire* "Glossary" *immediately*!!'' (See {exclamation point}.) *Italic type*, which is different from *slanted type*, is used for all titles and foreign expressions.[18] [18] In the ASCII extraction slanted type is emulated by putting asterisks on either side of the emphasized word or phrase, e.g., ``You *really should* read ...''. Titles are rendered in standard double quotation marks. o No attempt has been made to provide pronunciation guides except in a few special cases. Most theocratic terms are quite plain. Any standard English dictionary lists pronunciations. THE GLOSSARY ------------ :-ed: In the case of certain adjectives ending in *-ed*, the `-ed' is pronounc-ed as a separate syllable by some practitioners of *olde-tyme* religion. Sometimes this is even indicated in print by adding an acute accent. The most common example is the pronunciation given to the word `bless-ed', which occurs nine times in rapid succession in the so-called {beatitudes}. <> ``Bless-ed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.'' (Mat 5:3 AV}) Because theocratic speech is thoroughly modern, such {archaisms} are not used in the {Truth} today. :1 on 1, 1 to 1, 1-on-1, one on one, one-on-one: A personal relationship between two individuals, pronounced `one on ONE', or `one to ONE'. <> ``Brother Trapshut doesn't say much at the meetings, but he's outstandingly verbal one on one.'' :144,000: The total number of {spiritual Israelites} in heaven, mentioned three times in Revelation. (Rev 7:4, Rev 14:1, 3) As earthly {anointed} ones, they are aware of their future calling, so sometimes we hear statements like: <> ``Old Brother Croak is one of the 144,000.'' :1:1: Chapter one, verse one, pronounced `one ONE'. Used in mock scripture citations of nonexistent and fanciful books, especially in quoting some person's strongly held personal opinion. <> ``According to Bob 1:1 all congregations should stand for the singing of songs.'' <> ``Any person who wears a tie when he doesn't have to is probably auditioning for high priest. Lynn 1:1'' :666: A symbolic number characterizing the `wild beast' that pictures the world's political system, found in Rev 13:18. Eschatologists have interpreted the number as applying to almost everything except what it truthfully is. Some numerologists believe it is something written in a head garment of the {Pope}. If that were true, then it would be his hat size, since anyone who believes he is God's administrative deputy on earth must have a severely swollen head. [which is precisely what the Governing Body of JWs in New York claim to be! -ed] === A === :according to the dictionary: A phrase used to inform others that the one using it has taken the time to do some extra research. Looking up unfamiliar words in the dictionary, or even familiar ones, with the purpose of gaining greater insight, is a commendable practice. However, it is excessively common to hear brothers begin every other talk by citing the dictionary. <> ``And now Brother Lex I. Kohn will speak to us on the topic "Blah Blah Focusword Blah Blah".'' ...[19] ``Ahem. According to Webster's dictionary, `Focusword' means ...'' [19] Footsteps and shuffling of papers. NOTE: A dictionary is not a Bible. Some people regard it as a final authority as though the meanings of all words in a language were predetermined in Heaven and delivered to Noah Webster on stone tablets. In reality, a well-written dictionary, or glossary, is a living document, something that *reflects* rather than *dictates* current language practice. :accounts: {Congregation} financial record of {contributions} and expenditures. <> ``It was as if Satan said to Jehovah, `Give the accounts to Charlie and see whether he will not curse you to your very face!'''[20] [20] Caring for the accounts is a difficult, tedious, and low-profile job. :accounts servant: The brother who cares for congregation {accounts}, usually a {ministerial servant}. :active publisher: Any {publisher} who has reported field activity at least one month in the past six is considered active. However, compare {regular publisher} and {inactive publisher}. :adultery: A form of {fornication} wherein at least one of the persons involved is married to someone else. (Mat 5:32) <> ``When his wife committed adultery, he became scripturally free to divorce her and remarry, but he chose to forgive her.'' :agenda: A list of items to discuss or perform; a program. <> ``Presiding overseers are encouraged to prepare and circulate an agenda for quarterly elders meetings well ahead of time so that every elder may prepare in advance and so that the meeting may proceed in an orderly manner.'' :alcohol: Contrary to the demonic teachings of some religions claiming to be Christian, the Bible does not forbid the drinking of beverages containing alcohol. (Compare 1 Ti:41-3.) It merely forbids drunkenness. If a person has no tolerance for alcohol or no self-control when drinking it, then he *should* abstain entirely from it. Otherwise, the Bible actually *recommends* drinking alcohol in moderation. (Psa 104:15, Ecc 3:13, 1 Ti 5:23) This is in harmony with recent scientific findings which show that moderate drinkers have better health than complete teetotalers. <> ``I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy.''[21] <> ``May he kiss me with the kisses of his mouth, for your expressions of endearment are better than wine.'' (Son 1:2) Sometimes a little wine can help things along a bit, though. [21] If you don't get it the example, read it out loud. :announcements: Usually the first part on the {Service Meeting}, normally devoted to publicizing schedules and matters of local concern. The word is used both for individual items and for that part on the Service Meeting as a whole. <> ``We better make sure that point makes announcements this week.'' STORY: {Disfellowshipping} notices are always read by an {elder} as part of the Service Meeting announcements. One night a brother in our area had to read one such notice, and also a more mundane announcement. Somehow he got the names confused, and for ten horrible seconds, until the brother realized his mistake, while she and her unsuspecting family and close friends were all having strokes and falling in the aisles, some poor sister was accidentally disfellowshipped. :-( :anointed, spirit-anointed: Having God's spirit of adoption as a {spiritual Israelite}, and the hope of eventual heavenly life. (Compare {spirit-begotten}.) The term is sometimes applied to all the {remnant} as a whole. <> ``He has been receiving assignments normally given to the anointed.'' :antediluvian: 1. Relating to the period before the flood of Noah's day. 2. As a noun it refers to persons living before the flood. (See [w93 11/15], page 13.) This must be some "Watchtower" editor's favorite big word, because it appears in nearly every "Watchtower" that deals with the flood, and is rarely seen anywhere else. (By me.) :antitype: See {type}. :apostate, apostasy: One who has abandoned and rebelled against the {true worship} of Jehovah. Sometimes apostates actively oppose true worship and attempt to influence others to do the same. <> ``Some apostates were trying to hand out leaflets at our convention last week.'' Apostasy is an act or particular case of apostate behavior. (2 Th 2:3) [For the sake of accuracy, this should be read as 'refuse to recognize the authority of the men consisting the Governing Body of JWs'. Note that the definition of apostate varies; sometimes it is only an active 'opposer', while in private correspondence to elders from the WTS it is defined as simply the holding of non-WTS beliefs -ed] NOTE: Apostates are persons who were once among us, walking in the Truth, not merely outsiders who oppose it. They frequently know our beliefs, terminology, and organizational ways quite well. Apostates tend to seek out unwary Witnesses and engage them in dialog. Often they were once fine people with an extensive Truth background. But they tend to be proud of their independent intellectual accomplishments. <> ``Based on several years of deep research, careful study, and profound meditation I have concluded ...'' They will claim support for their ideas from others who are supposedly pillars in the Truth. <> ``I know numerous people, including *elders*, who agree with me that ...'' They will flatter the listener while speaking condescendingly of Witnesses in general. <> ``I realize that *most* Witnesses wouldn't understand; but I realize that *you* are by no means average.'' The example suggests that the speaker is saying most Witnesses are simple, unpretentious and unsophisticated, but is implying that most of us are a bunch of dopes. Willing association with true apostates is itself apostate behavior, and therefore potentially a {disfellowshipping offense}, in addition to being extremely dangerous and outright stupid. It should be avoided entirely. :appeal, appeal committee: When a person is {disfellowshipped} and believes that a serious error in judgement has been made by a {judicial committee}, he may `appeal' the decision within seven days, i.e., have the case reheard. The `appeal committee' is the group of {elders} {appointed}, usually by the {circuit overseer}, to conduct the appeal process. :applause: Approval expressed by clapping the hands. People accustomed to the sanctimonious solemnity of a staid church may be surprised to observe that we occasionally applaud at our meetings. It is customary to applaud at the conclusion of the {public talk}, following assembly parts, after a student's {first talk} on the {Theocratic Ministry School}, following high points in mid-talk at {district conventions}, especially when {resolutions} are being read, when announcing the appointment of pioneers and servants, when acknowledging or passing {love and greetings} to another congregation, and at other times as invited by a speaker. NOTE: It is *not* considered appropriate to applaud when an announcement of {reinstatement} is read. Although we rejoice when persons who have been put out of the congregation have come to their senses, shown repentance, and are restored, they are at that moment weak spiritually, and in need of love and encouragement, but not congratulations, as though they had accomplished something worthy of acclaim. :appointment: 1. The scriptural method of assigning privileges of service. (Act 20:28) {Elders}, {ministerial servants}, and regular and special {pioneers} are all appointed by the {Society}. 2. The designation of responsibility itself. <> ``Sister Hiker's pioneer appointment arrived from the Society.'' :appreciate, appreciation: To evaluate the worth of something. We may learn that something is true, and also perceive its relation to other matters. Appreciation is a more profound level of learning that affects the heart. It involves recognizing the significance or benefit of something with a heightened awareness. <> ``One who knows the Truth can teach the scriptures, but one who appreciates it lives the scriptures.'' :archaic, archaisms: Characteristic of language of the past. Christians are encouraged to use modern language. {Babylon} frequently uses old-fashioned or obsolete expressions. Some of them are discussed under {common archaisms}. Some head-words adjudged as {fuddy-duddy} expressions are archaisms. STORY: We had a Service Meeting part in the early 1970's that discouraged the use of archaisms. The brother who was the source of the examples under {pronunciation} presented the part,[22] and in the course of it said (as phonetically transcribed) <> ``We don' wanna be speakin' no arcake er nuffin'.'' [22] Natch. :ark: 1. An ark is basically a box or chest. The two well-known Bible examples are the one that Noah built for the saving of a remnant of human and animal life from a deluge (Gen 6:14), and the ark that was placed in the most holy of the tabernacle and later in the temple in Jerusalem. (Exo 25:10) 2. The ark of Noah's day has been shown to be prophetic of all of Jehovah's arrangements for mankind's survival through the end of this system of things. Thus new ones coming into the Truth are sometimes said to be entering that ark. <> ``We would like to welcome all 100 persons who entered the grand ark of Jehovah's salvation when they were baptized this morning.'' :Armageddon: Anglicized version of the transliterated Hebrew word {Har-Mageddon}, God's great final war. (Rev 16:16) Although NW uses the {transliteration}, the {Society}'s publications in English more commonly use the term Armageddon. <> ``Many uninformed persons mistakenly believe that Armageddon will be a global nuclear holocaust that will indiscriminately kill everyone on the planet.'' :art, arts: In American English, `art' in the default sense usually refers to the traditional visual arts, i.e., painting, sculpture and the like. <> ``I was an art major in college.''[23] In other contexts, it refers to creativity, aesthetic beauty, and skill as applied to most any pursuit. The {New World Translation} calls teaching an art at 2 Ti 4:2. <> ``Brother Hugs is a master at the art of encouraging conversation.'' The `arts' (plural) is an all-encompassing word referring to what is sometimes called the *fine* arts, namely music, literature, dance, theater, etc., in addition to the visual arts. Most of Jehovah's Witnesses seem to have even less serious interest in the arts than most people in the world. <> ``You call *that* art?!'' It may be that to some that in these {last days} other things are necessarily more important, that pleasures like delving into a good book or cultivating a creative skill are luxuries in the same realm of importance as {recreation}, and that the resources available for such activities are extremely limited. Of course, the average American still watches about seven hours of television a day. [23] He learned how to draw pictures of naked people. :as it were: Seemingly. Used with a statement that might appear unlikely to show that it is not meant literally. <> ``He knew the material for his talk so well he caught fire, as it were, when he presented it.''[24] This is one of those idioms that is best used sparingly. However, it is a favorite of Society editors; I was able to find it 356 times in my online literature collection. [24] A circuit overseer once said ``Put fire in your talk, or put your talk in the fire.'' As it were. :ASCII, ASCII file: Acronym for `American Standard Code for Information Interchange' (pronounced `ASS-kee'). It refers to the commonest way of encoding standard characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks and special characters) on computers. The word is used often by hackers, so I have included it the "Glossary". An `ASCII file' is a file that is made up entirely of characters from the ASCII set. On most computers, `ASCII file' means the same as text file. When using software options to read or write text files, it means files that do not include the special byte combinations that represent application-specific formatting or control sequences. <> ``The plain version of the "Glossary" is an ASCII document that may be read with an editor or pager.'' :assembly: A gathering of God's people. Although any prearranged meeting of several people is a form of assembly, the term is normally applied to larger meetings. When used without a modifier it usually refers to a {circuit assembly} rather than a {district convention}. <> ``Our assembly is scheduled for next month, and just two weeks later we have the district convention.'' NOTE: There has been some flip-flopping over the years concerning whether our large summer festivals are called assemblies or conventions. The Society originally called them all assemblies until the war years, when assembling was declared against the law in the USA. The Society wanted to have a big assembly, but because it was during the war they were not allowed to do it. The only way to have one was to call it a convention, because conventions were not against the law. The name convention has applied to big assemblies ever since. <> ``A rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.'' The precise term used makes little difference. The usage explained in this "Glossary" is current (1994) to the best of my knowledge. :assembly food [obs]: The announcement that there will no longer be food at assemblies and conventions in the USA is barely a week old at this writing. (See {simplified convention food service} In past times the food provided at assemblies varied with the locale and the time. Years ago we had large kitchens and served tens of thousands of complete hot meals, morning noon and night. Times changed, and the Society moved toward simplification in all its pursuits in order to reduce costs and impose less burden and expense on brothers. Recently early morning fare usually included coffee, orange juice, fruit and pastries. Noon meals were soft drinks, sandwiches, chips and more fruit. To persons who wailed ``But we are mortal!'' I respond that no one was forced to eat too much of it, or any of it at all.[25] The Israelites got tired of the manna, too. (See Num 11:6) And we all know what happened to them. <> ``Man must not live by assembly food alone!''[26] [25] Urp. [26] Either kind! :Assembly Hall: A building owned, operated, and usually also built by Jehovah's Witnesses for the purpose of holding {circuit assemblies} and other large gatherings. :assembly rats: Persons who relish {assemblies} with a fervor similar to some in {Christendom} who wish that every day was Christmas. It is an important part of our culture to attach a high value to the assemblies. Many rank them just barely below the {Memorial} in importance of obligation to attend. Persons who have never missed a single session in many years in the Truth are quite common. Therefore, in addition to their spiritual benefits, assemblies also provide the greatest social events of the year for Jehovah's Witnesses. Some consider it a sign of great status to have assembly responsibilities, particularly talks. (Should they think this way?) Young people use the assemblies for networking, often cruising for potential marriage mates. The assembly rats are ones who wait outside the doors at 6:30 AM, an hour before the gates open, even though they have no work assignments, armed with coolers, bags, blankets, and a thick stack of old magazines. Guess what they are planning on doing with them?[27] <> ``Get to your posts, brothers, here come the assembly rats!'' [27] Not catching up on their reading. The issue of saving seats unnecessarily at assemblies has been a persistent problem that has been discussed at Service Meetings before assemblies for many years. (1 Co 10:24, 1 Co 13:5, Phi 2:3) :assembly speaker: A brother who receives frequent speaking assignments at assemblies and conventions. It has been observed that for an organization blessed with an abundance of consistently excellent speakers, relatively few brothers seem always to get these assignments. Is it therefore true that in Jehovah's organization getting certain assignments depends in some measure on `who you know'? Yes it is true. The brothers who make these assignments are expected to enlist the best speakers they can find, but cannot possibly be expected to know everyone. Does it matter? No it does not. Brothers who waste their time and energy thinking to themselves ``I could do just as well'' are just stroking their own egos. Often assembly speakers speak quite differently in their home congregations than they do at conventions. The Society sends out strict instructions about how talks should be presented at assemblies. When followed, presentations at assemblies are generally of uniformly high quality. Unfortunately, it can also result in a soporific sameness. Not every brother can do it well. Not every brother *wants* to learn to speak like an assembly speaker, including some who are highly skilled at platform teaching. :assignment slip: Short name for the Theocratic Ministry School Assignment slip, form S-89, given in advance to {School} students to notify them of upcoming talks. <> ``Always remember to give your assignment slip to the School overseer before the meeting when you are giving a talk.'' :associate, association: As a verb `associate' means to keep company. As a noun it refers to those with whom company is kept, and is closely related to `association', which is the process of forming connections or bonds with people, organizations, or even ideas, such as through books or other media. (1 Co 15:33) <> ``When my father heard the CD I was listening to he reminded me of the dangers of bad association.'' :attendant: A brother, usually a {ministerial servant}, who helps with seating, greets strangers, maintains order, assists with crying babies and obstreperous children, {takes the count}, watches for problems in the parking lot, answers the phone, and even acts as bouncer to unwelcome misbehaving intruders. :[attire, dress] and grooming: `Attire' and `dress' both have to do with one's choice of clothing styles, and the appropriateness of what is worn. `Grooming' is concern shown for an attractive appearance, and includes attention given to personal cleanness, neatness, hair styles, straight {ties}, pressed {suits} and so forth. The Society's literature often mentions these words together in one phrase. Jehovah's Witnesses are expected to be exemplary in attire and grooming, generally conforming to local community standards as to what constitutes being well-dressed. (See [sg], page 184.) <> ``Elders need to take care that they do not impose their own strongly held opinions about dress and grooming on the congregation.'' (See also {suit}, {tie}, {shirt}, {beard}, and {moustache}.) :attribute: An inherent characteristic or quality. The noun form has the accent on the first syllable. We speak of Jehovah's four primary attributes as being love, justice, power, and wisdom, with his other personality qualities being composites of and secondary to these. :Authorized Version: Official name given to the so-called King James English translation of the Bible, published in 1611. It is traditionally referred to in print as `AV'. (See Psa 83:18 AV.) :aux pioneer: Slangy shortened version of {auxiliary pioneer}. People who use this seem to be prone to using other truncated forms, particularly in writing, such as `pio' for pioneer, and `cong' or `congo' for {congregation}. <> ``I'm planning on joining the aux pios and other pubs in our cong in mag service between semesters after I finish the lit inventory.'' This style of usage is seen frequently in {email}. :auxiliary pioneer, [continuous, regular] auxiliary pioneer: A {pioneer} {minister} who devotes 60 hours to field service in a month, normally during isolated months, or for a few months at a time. One who serves as such without interruption is called either a `continuous auxiliary pioneer' or a `regular auxiliary pioneer'. There is a box on the application form that may be checked if the applicant intends to continue indefinitely. :AV: Acronym used to refer in print to the {Authorized Version} of the Bible, otherwise known as the {King James Version}. :Awake!: News-oriented companion magazine to {The Watchtower}. Notice that the {exclamation point} is a part of the title. It is sometimes left out in casual writing. It should not be. The magazine was called "The Golden Age" when it was first published in 1919, and later was called "Consolation". STORY: In 1976, when I was serving the Upper Manhattan congregation in New York City, the elder body considered a letter received from an irate householder. I can still remember it almost verbatim. It said: To Whom It May Concern: I do not belong to your religion. I have never read any of your books or magazines, and have not ever been the least bit interested in doing so. I live in an apartment with a crack under the door. Last week while I was at work some of your people came by and slid a copy of your "Awake!" magazine, something which I did not want, under my door. My dog seized it, ate it, choked on it and died. Now don't worry, I am not going to sue you or anything. I have gotten over the loss of my dog, and have bought another one. But I must insist that you please never come back to my apartment again! The letter was not signed, and there was no return address. I don't think that's what the woman meant who said to Jesus ``the little dogs do eat of the crumbs falling from the table of their masters.'' (Mat 15:27) Jesus said on an earlier occasion ``Do not give what is holy to dogs.'' (Mat 7:6) Apparently {spiritual food} is not good for everyone. :away back there: A phrase used often in {The Watchtower} to mean `away back *then*', indicating a point remotely far in *time*, not in space. Spoken by some older brothers with great enthusiasm, drawing out the `way'. <> ``A*waaay* back there in the days of Abraham ...'' Saying just `away back' followed by a place refers to that place at a particular time. <> ``Away back in the garden of Eden ...'' means `in the garden of Eden at the time it existed.' A search of my online literature base found 187 occurrences of ``back there'', most all referring to a point in past time. === B === :Babylon, Babylon the Great: The world empire of false religion, referred to in Revelation. (Rev 14:8, Rev 16:19, Rev 17:5, Rev 18:2, Rev 18:21) When just `Babylon' is used, it usually refers to Babylon the Great rather than the ancient city. Context should make it clear which is meant. <> ``Before a person is baptized, he should serve formal notice on Babylon that he is leaving it.'' :Babylonish: Characteristic of the religious practices of Babylon, or of pagandom in general. <> ``When people migrated from Babylon after Jehovah confused their language, they took their Babylonish religious beliefs and practices with them, and thus they ultimately found their way into most God-dishonoring religions.'' :back issue: An out-of-date magazine. See {current magazine}. Sometimes publishers leave back issues at the doors of {not-at-homes} the last time they are visited before turning in a {territory}. Before the {donation arrangement} publishers would offer back issues to householders who were reluctant to fork over the two exorbitant two bits per magazine, but who nonetheless manifested a degree of interest. :back-call [obs]: Former term for {return visit}. Note the hyphenation. This is how the {Society} spells it. :bad association [obs]: Formerly, unbaptized {associates} of the congregation who were {publishers} were treated in much the same way as those who are baptized. When such a person was found to be unrepentantly guilty of {wrongdoing}, he was dealt with in a manner essentially the same as {disfellowshipped} persons. However, instead of announcing that the person was disfellowshipped, a notice would be read that he was to be regarded as bad association. When we realized that there is scripturally no such thing as an {unbaptized Christian}, we dropped this terminology along with the practice. A side benefit of correcting this has been a reduction in legal problems that resulted from publicly labeling someone `bad'. :balance: A condition of steadiness caused by the equal distribution of opposing weights. The word is most often used figuratively in theocratic speech to indicate our need to give all life's priorities their just due without going overboard in any direction. <> ``Christian elders need to learn to balance their time in order to accomplish a large number of tasks adequately without sacrificing any.'' A good example of an issue requiring balance is what Paul said at 1 Ti 4:8. A younger brother might emphasize the part of the verse that assures us that ``bodily training *is beneficial*'', and so will go all out for sports. Another person, perhaps an older sober-minded brother will focus on the second part that says such ``training is beneficial for *a little*'', and will use it to counsel the younger brother, saying that the Bible indicates here that such activity is worth very little, so he shouldn't waste his time with it. A balanced person will realize that Paul said *both* things in the same sentence, and will encourage the younger brother to enjoy whatever benefit he finds in physical training, but not to the degree that his spirituality suffers from being put in a lesser position. :ban: Legal prohibition established by a government to hinder or stop the preaching work of Jehovah's Witnesses. (Compare Psa 94:20.) In English, `ban' is frequently preceded by the preposition `under'. <> ``The work in Malawi was under ban for many years.'' :baptism: The act of {water immersion} when one presents oneself in symbol of a previous personal {dedication} to do Jehovah's will. Baptism of many individuals on a single occasion is a customary part of {assemblies} and {conventions}. <> ``We invite all candidates for baptism to sit in the front three rows during Saturday morning's session.'' :baptismal candidate: A candidate is one who offers himself for office or membership. Thus we hear the usage <> ``There were over 100 baptismal candidates sitting in the front rows.'' :baptized unpublisher: A personal {neologism} for someone who is dedicated and baptized but does little or nothing in service; a play on the expression {unbaptized publisher}. <> ``The Society includes the number of unbaptized publishers counted in the annual {world report}, but not the baptized unpublishers.'' :BBS: Hacker acronym for `bulletin board system', software that allows computer users to communicate with each other. One example is a network of BBSs collectively called PhunNet, that serves many of Jehovah's Witnesses around the USA. Local BBSs are considered by some to represent the low-rent district of hacker culture. :BCE, CE: Acronyms for `before the common era' and `common era' respectively. The Gregorian calendar uses the abbreviations BC and AD to mean `before Christ' and "anno domini" (year of our Lord). However, the year of Jesus' birth was miscalculated, so it is not appropriate to designate dates on that time line as falling before or after Christ. But because the system has been in use throughout the world for many hundreds of years, it is pointless to change the scale. It is much easier to change the suffixes to show acknowledgement of the error. Many modern scholars now agree that Jesus was actually born in about October of the year 2 BCE. :beard: Male facial hair on the cheeks and chin, a sort of uncircumcision of the face. Rarely seen among Witness men in the USA, and only slightly less among Witness women. Therefore regarded with some suspicion, as though it were somehow unnatural. <> ``Is the person you are talking about a brother?'' ``No, he has a beard.'' This pairing of sentences should be regarded as a non sequitur. 8-)>}[28] (See also {moustache}.) [28] A {smiley face} with a pointy beard and professorial glasses. NOTE: There is a growing consensus among brothers that: beards are now commonplace in the world, including among businessmen and professionals; beards are currently viewed negatively by virtually no one, as they once were; there is nothing whatever scripturally objectionable or unnatural about wearing a well-groomed beard, if the prejudice of others in the Truth is excluded from consideration. Despite these conclusions, almost no brothers in the USA have had the courage to grow one, knowing that doing so inevitably leads to controversy and grief for the grower. In contrast, in some parts of Europe beards are not uncommon on brothers, including servants.[29] [29] I have no personal axe to grind on this topic; I have never personally had a desire to grow a beard, even when I was a worldly near-hippie with a pony tail. :beatitudes: A name given by Christendom to the initial declarations Jesus made in his Sermon on the Mount that each begin ``Blessed are ...'' in the {AV}. (Mat 5:3-11 AV) (Compare {-ed}.) In the NWT these begin ``Happy are ...'' so we refer to them as the nine {happinesses}. :befit, benefit: These two words are each often misread as the other. They mean completely different things. The commonest example is <> ``doing works that benefit repentance.'' (Act 26:20) Bzzzt, wrong! :belong: People in Christendom use this word to explain what religious organization they are affiliated with. <> ``I belong to the Catholic Church.''[30] But the {Truth} is a way of life, not a social club, and although congregations keep records of what Christians are associated with them, there are no formal enrollment forms or procedures. (Compare Act 19:23.) [30] In more ways than one! One priest said ``When we get them we've got them for life.'' Actually, it's more of a death grip than anything related to life. :besmirch: To defile, stain, sully. The object of besmirching is usually a name or reputation. This is a perfectly acceptable but somewhat old-fashioned word that appears in the Society's literature from time to time. <> ``The serpent besmirched God's fair name by claiming that God had lied to Adam and Eve.'' I found it ten times in my online literature base, which is not many, but is about ten more times than I have seen it in secular literature written since WWII. :Bethel family: 1. All persons residing at a particular {Bethel} home. 2. All persons serving at Bethel homes collectively throughout the world. <> ``The Bethel family has its family "Watchtower" study every Monday night.'' :Bethel home: See {Bethel}. :Bethel service: Term for one's work and tenure at {Bethel}. <> ``Brother Franz was in Bethel service for 72 years.'' :Bethel, Bethel home: The name for various homes for those who serve at {branch offices} around the world. <> ``That couple has three sons serving at Bethel. One is in Brooklyn, one is at the Kingdom Farm, and one is in the Phillipines.'' :Bethelite: One who works and resides at {Bethel}. <> ``How many Bethelites does it take to change a light bulb?'' (Fill in your own favorite response.) :Bible: Jehovah God's holy written word of truth. :Bible game: A low-key competition with simple rules and a theme based on Bible topics, played mainly at organized {gatherings}. If the spirit of competition is kept to an absolute minimum, these diversions can be entertaining and even upbuilding, because they call upon participants to exercise and enlarge their Bible knowledge. Typical examples are games that require some to act out Bible events while others attempt to guess what is portrayed, and those that concentrate on naming Bible characters based on clues. One challenging exercise is to select two Bible verses at random and then attempt to improvise a field presentation from them. NOTE: Games are competitive by nature, and some persons who are more reserved or {easygoing} may feel self-conscious about being required to participate. (Gal 5:26) Hosts proposing to play Bible games at gatherings should always be alert so as to avoid imposing anything embarrassing upon their guests. (Compare {singing}.) :Bible highlights: Second talk on the {Theocratic Ministry School} program, covering highlights of the {Bible reading} for the week. :Bible languages: The first 39 books of Bible, according to the modern sequencing of them, were originally written in Hebrew, with a very few short pieces in Aramaic, and the remaining 27 were written in Greek. Today almost no one except specially trained scholars knows these languages, so there is a need for persons desiring to peer into God's word to use the abundant Bible translations that have been made available in many languages. But some people will argue that one cannot really understand the Bible accurately unless he is an expert in these languages. Persons who present such objections rarely have any knowledge whatever of these languages themselves, or of the Bible. In some cases the claim is probably a veiled excuse to beg off putting forth the effort to study the Bible. This claim is unreasonable. Consider an example: I don't know Spanish, but I know what a "sombrero" is,[31] I know that "ma~nana" means tomorrow, and I know dozens of other Spanish words and expressions, and believe I know them accurately. Similarly, Bible students *learn* over the course of time to understand a great many original language Bible words, and the concepts behind them, e.g., "sheohl" and "nephesh" and "kosmos". We have every reason to believe that we understand them clearly enough to convey the Bible's teaching about them to others. [31] A big hat. :Bible names: The names of individuals and places mentioned in the Bible have not been included in this "Glossary". See the "Insight" book [it] for information on these. :Bible reading: Third talk on the {Theocratic Ministry School}, the reading of about a chapter of the Bible. Although third on the program, it is often called the {number two talk}, because the {Bible highlights} is not considered a {student talk}. But neither is the {instruction talk}, which is nonetheless still referred to as the {number one talk}. I have never been able figure this one out. :Bible study: 1. Personal activity in studying God's word. <> ``I need to catch up on some Bible study tonight.'' 2. A regular study of God's word that is carried on with someone who is not yet a dedicated, baptized Christian, or with someone who is newly such, but has not yet completed the two basic {publications} the {Society} recommends for new ones. <> ``Last month I was able to report four Bible studies.'' 3. A person with whom the Bible is being studied. <> ``The man who lives in the next house is my Bible study.'' :Bible study report: See {study report}. :Bible terms: Most Bible terms that can be found in the "Insight" book [it], the "Reasoning" book [rs], or some other readily locatable source, have not been explained in this "Glossary", except for a few, mostly those that have special interest in the context of the purpose of the "Glossary". :binder: A detachable cover to store collected magazines in. For many years the Society supplied bulky blue ones with wires that got lost easily to put down the center of each magazine. Recently we switched to brown ones of a better design. These days the majority of people get {bound volumes} each year as they become available and trash the last year's used magazines. Others still prefer to use the binders, however, because they don't like to throw out their valuable study notes. :biological circumstances: A euphemism for pregnancy caused by bad timing, carelessness, or product failure. The cause of an undecision[32] to have a child. (See [fl], page 85, par. 12.) <> ``Brother and Sister Fruitful left the missionary work because of biological circumstances.'' Oops. [32] An undecision is a personal {neologism} for a decision that one was not able to make because it was made for him by circumstances or by someone else. :biological relative: Because Jehovah's Witnesses enjoy a spiritual relationship as brothers and sisters that is *stronger* than that of literal {fleshly} relatives, a relationship that is not appreciated or understood by those outside the brotherhood, it is sometimes necessary for us to distinguish explicitly what kind of relationship we are talking about. If I said <> ``My brother who smokes'' Witnesses would know without clarification that I am talking about a biological relative who is not {in the Truth}, since none of Jehovah's Witnesses smoke.[33] However, if I said <> ``My brother who lives in Los Angeles'', depending on the circumstances, I might need to add some words of explanation. <> ``My brother is not a brother.'' This sentence is plausible among Witnesses, and would be understood without further comment. (Compare {fleshly}.) [33] The example is not very good, because when talking to other Witnesses, there is a commonality between them, such that the speaker, when referring to another Witness would likely say *the* brother rather than *my* brother, because he is the brother of both of them. :BK: Acronym for `Burger King', the former favorite place in my congregation for Saturday morning {pit stops}. Other locales each have their own favorite watering holes. Since I first wrote this entry our congregation has migrated to Wendy's. :blasphemy: Injurious or abusive speech, especially that directed against God, one of the most serious of all sins. Israelites were punished with death by stoning for calling down evil upon God. (Exo 20:7) :blood card: A legal medical document all of {Jehovah's Witnesses} are strongly urged to carry on their person at all times in case of emergency, directing that blood not be administered as medical treatment. It is more correctly called the `*no* blood card', because the front of it says "NO BLOOD" in large letters, but most people just call it the blood card. NOTE: This card must be signed, witnessed, and dated to be legally binding. At the assemblies in 1993, where the no blood card was used as ID, it was discovered that about 50% of the cards presented were not signed. One wonders how many more persons did not have cards at all. Do you have yours? Is it signed? :blood issue: Conflicts with medical and legal authorities over the Bible teaching about blood are so common with Christians who need medical treatment that these difficulties have earned their own term. <> ``Someone better talk to Sister New before she goes into the hospital so she will be well prepared to deal with the blood issue when she gets there.'' (See Gen 9:4, Lev 17:12, Act 15:20.) :blood transfusion: The act of feeding on blood by injecting it into the veins. Although this is an accepted and common medical practice, it is clearly prohibited in the Bible, resulting in frequent conflicts between Christians and medical and legal authorities. :body: Sometimes used as a shortened term, mainly by elders, but sometimes by others, for `body of elders' or `body of older men'. <> ``I think your idea is a good one, but we'd better check with the body before acting.'' :body of elders: Scriptural term for the entire group of elders in a given {congregation}. (1 Ti 4:14) Viewing them as a single entity emphasizes the unity of these brothers working together. <> ``The body of elders would like to encourage all to designate the first Saturday of next month as a special day of service.'' :book bag, service bag, meeting bag, witnessing bag: `Book bag' is a generic expression referring to a container to carry books or supplies in the field or to meetings. A `service bag' is a special brief case or purse of a convenient size and design for carrying in {field service}. It is sometimes called a `witnessing bag'. Some persons have separate carriers for service and meetings, and so some call the latter a `meeting bag'. <> ``Although my witnessing bag is silent, I myself have quite a bit to say.'' :book study: Short name for the meeting called the {Congregation Book Study}. <> ``Next week the book study will be at the Kingdom Hall because of the circuit overseer's visit.'' :book study conductor: The brother who presides over a {Congregation Book Study}, normally an elder. He not only conducts the meeting, but also leads the group in {field service}, and is responsible for {shepherding} families that attend the meeting he oversees. Before the elder arrangement the job of conducting the book study was frequently given to a relatively new brother as a training experience. It was one of those policies sort of like allowing men to have multiple wives: an essentially bad idea, but somehow for as long as the arrangement existed things worked out, provided they were carefully managed. Once it was realized that as a combination teaching and shepherding assignment it is really an elder's job, and a very important one, the procedure changed. :booklet: A paper cover {publication}, distinguished in the {Society's} publications from a {brochure} by being smaller. <> ``He took copies of the booklet "Jehovah's Witnesses and the Question of Blood" and the brochure "How Can Blood Save Your Life?" to his doctor.'' :born again: An illustrative term used by Jesus at Joh 3:3, 7 to describe those who would be anointed as God's spiritual children, and given the hope of living as spirit creatures in the heavens. In the USA many people we encounter in the ministry claim to be born again Christians. These folks are not organized as a sect. I sometimes wish they were, because then there might be a greater chance for consistency in what they say. Many of them have apparently had some kind of a religious experience that led to their `finding the LORD', making unreasoning fanatics out of them. They are generally among the most belligerent and scripturally ignorant of {professed Christians} we meet. STORY: I once met a person at a mall who said to me as I went by ``I've been born again. Tell me, do *you* know Jesus?'' I replied ``I'm on a first name basis with his father!'' :born in the Truth: Sometimes persons whose parents were {Witnesses} when they were born say <> ``I was born in the Truth.'' Ha! The Bible says we are all born in sin. (Psa 51:1, Joh 9:34) True Christians do not inherit their religion from their parents, as is the case with most other religions, because the Truth is not a mere matter of tradition or culture. We sometimes hear expressions in service like <> ``I was born a Baptist, and I'm going to *die* a Baptist!'' (A likely possibility.) In contrast, each servant of Jehovah becomes one as a result of a personal decision. Of course, having godly parents who train a child in God's ways from infancy is a great aid to making the right decision, so many children of dedicated parents *do* make the Truth their own. :bound volume: Annual reprints of {The Watchtower} and {Awake!}, issued in hard cover for library storage. <> ``My library has all the bound volumes back to 1960 except for "Awake!" from 1961.'' :Branch Committee: The body of three or more elders who oversee the preaching work in one or more countries assigned to a {branch office}. :branch coordinator, branch overseer: The member of a {branch committee} who serves as its {chairman}. The term `branch overseer' is not found in the "Organization" book [om], and may therefore be technically incorrect, but it is sometimes heard. :branch office: A {Watchtower Society} headquarters office. <> ``The Society's world {headquarters} offices in Brooklyn, NY, USA, serve also as the branch office for the Unites States.'' :branch organization: The combined structure of the {branch office}, the {Branch Committee}, the {districts}, the {circuits}, and the {congregations} organized under a branch office's jurisdiction. :break: A less metaphorical term for {pit stop}. :bring out: To highlight; a clich'e used to cite a source of enlightenment. <> ``This verse brings out that Christians should keep close in mind the day of Jehovah.'' <> ``The speaker brought out the point that husbands should love their wives.'' These are good reminders, but they are badly repeated. :brochure: A "Watchtower" size paper cover booklet, usually 32 pages, distinguished from {booklet} and {tract}. <> ``She placed ten copies of the brochure "Should You Believe the Trinity?" with her classmates.'' :Brooklyn: The location of the {world headquarters} of {Jehovah's Witnesses}, i.e., Brooklyn, NY, USA. As is often true in business, using the name of the city where its center of operations is located can suggest the authority of the organization itself. <> ``Today I received a letter from Brooklyn in response to that judicial problem we asked about.'' :brother: 1. A baptized male member of the congregation. 2. All baptized Christians are `brothers' scripturally speaking, regardless of sex, in the same way that the word `mankind' covers the entire human race, females included. (Compare 1 Pe 2:17.) The "Insight" book [it] says: Generally ``brothers'' was the accepted greeting to mixed groups and was not restricted to males. (Act 1:15; Rom 1:13; 1 Th 1:4) The term is used in this sense in all but three of the inspired Christian letters (Titus, 2 John, Jude) and in the works of early church writers. (See the article BROTHER in [it].) NOTE: Sometimes virtually anyone attending the meetings at the Kingdom Hall is addressed as `Brother', whether baptized or not. The "Question Box" in [km 3/80] says that in calling on *new* unbaptized persons at meetings, conductors should not use Brother or Sister, but might instead use the first and last names together or preface the last name with the more formal Mr., Mrs., or Miss. (Notice {Ms.} was *not* recommended). It is often acceptable to address children by their first names. However, it is considered appropriate to use Brother or Sister with one who is approaching dedication and considers himself a Witness. Even though there has been no change in this suggestion, some persons presiding over meetings find it nearly impossible to bring themselves to use any form of address from the platform other than Brother or Sister regardless of whom it is being applied to. :brotherhood: It was proclaimed in a resolution at an assembly a few years ago that Jehovah's Christian Witnesses as a whole constitute the only true worldwide brotherhood in existence. The statement was acknowledged with sustained applause. It later appeared in print, but I could not find the reference so as to quote it exactly. (See 1 Pe 5:9.) :BTW: Hacker acronym for `by the way', seen almost exclusively in writing, e.g., in {email}. <> ``BTW, have you read the new "Watchtower" series on reasonableness?'' :build up, upbuild: To strengthen, encourage and refresh, or deepen the spirituality of oneself or another person. The opposite is to tear down, to discourage. We upbuild and tear down others by what we say and do, and upbuild or tear down ourselves by things we allow ourselves to be exposed to. All of a Christian's activities should be actions that strengthen one's relationship with Jehovah God and that help him and those around him to make advancement in the Truth. (Compare 1 Co 14:4, 26, Phi 4:8, 1 Th 5:11.) :bulletin board: See {information board}. :bumper sticker: A stick-on sign seen on the back of a motor vehicle. In the USA you can sometimes tell a great deal about a person by looking at the rear end of his car. Frequently these stickers advertise rude and immoral sentiments. <> ``My brat was student of the month at Adobe Mountain Correctional Facility.'' Once I saw a bumper sticker that said <> ``Honk if you believe in one God, not three.'' I considered doing so, but given Phoenecian drivers' proclivity for acknowledging honks with a wave of the middle portion of their hands, I opted not to. Fortunately, bumper stickers of any type are notably rare on vehicles belonging to Witnesses. I have never seen anything in the Society's publications about them, but it seems to be tacitly understood that there is something intrinsically low-class and undignified about them. Witnesses, who are known for being vocal about their beliefs, don't even advertise the things they endorse in that way, i.e., I have never seen anyone sporting a ``Jehovah'' or ``Read the Bible'' sticker. (Compare {tee shirt}, {Jesus fish}, {mezuzah}.) STORY: When I went out for exercise today I passed through a park where a large church picnic was taking place, and on the cars in the parking lot I counted three ``Jesus is Lord'' bumper stickers, three {Jesus fish}, and one bumper sticker that proclaimed that cowboys perform sexually better than other persons. :burden, load: Both `burden' and `load' refer to a weight that must be carried, but they are different. A `burden' is a load that is excessive, more than a person can comfortably bear. Thus the Bible says, without contradicting itself, both <> ``Go on carrying the burdens of one another'', and just a few verses later <> ``For each one will carry his own load.'' (Gal 6:2, 5) The terms are most often used figuratively, to represent one's duties and responsibilities as a Christian, in the congregation, the family, at work, at school, and in everyday life. :bus stop work: A form of {street work} wherein Witnesses approach and attempt to start conversations with persons waiting at bus stops. STORY: One interesting variation of this activity was carried on for many years by a pioneer brother in New York, who had a virtual concession stand inside the Port Authority terminal at the George Washington Bridge. He worked it every weekday morning from very early through rush hour. The daily commuters all got to know him, and many stopped regularly for the latest magazines. Some would bring him fruit and vegetables from their gardens and other goodies in exchange for the magazines. The brother rarely went from door-to-door or conducted Bible studies, but he placed several hundred magazines a month working at the Terminal. (Compare 1 Co 12:5.) :business territory: Many congregations in urban areas have large portions of their assigned territory where there are mostly businesses. In many cases these have been mapped as such and {territory cards} designated as business territory may be checked out by publishers wishing to work it. === C === :Caesar, Caesar's law: The authority and laws of worldly governments. (Mat 22:21, Rom 13:1,2) <> ``I'll be late to work tomorrow because Caesar requires that I get my driver's license renewed.'' :California: The westernmost state of the USA, a place of great wealth, also of great poverty, crime, and immorality, where things are generally done a little differently from the whole rest of the world. One wise guy surmised <> ``God populated California by lifting up the east coast and allowing all the nuts to roll in.'' <> ``Well, Milton, I hear some brothers in California have been using live elephants in demonstration parts. Sounds like we'd better sent out another investigative committee to find out what on earth is going on.'' :call: A person who is visited in the field ministry. <> ``The man we saw in the grocery store is one of my calls.'' :call book: A notebook of names, addresses, and information regarding contacts with persons we encounter in field service who show interest in the {Kingdom message}. :Camille syndrome: A melodramatic overreaction to stress that can best be described as wrist-to-forehead, often accompanied by a {heaving of sighs}, and an upward rolling of the eyes, a distinctly feminine gesture indicating stress and exasperation. <> ``What?! You're having *another* elders meeting after the Service Meeting again tonight?'' (Followed by manifestation of symptoms.) The name Camille comes from a character in a now-dated opera or play (I can't remember which) who suffered a pitifully slow death (three whole acts worth) from consumption. :campaign, service campaign: A program outlined each month in {Our Kingdom Ministry}, detailing publications to be featured in {public witnessing} for a given period of time, usually a month. <> ``The first part of each calendar year used to be devoted to the "Watchtower" subscription campaign.'' :candidate: See {baptismal candidate}. :Capital Letters: Descriptive phrases used in a title-like fashion to describe Jehovah are frequently seen capitalized, e.g., Universal Sovereign, Grand Instructor, Creator, Principal One, King, the Giver of Life. Sometimes the same practice is followed in reference to Jesus Christ <> ``He is David's Permanent Heir.'' (See [w78 3/1] page 26.) This seems to follow the practice of Isa 9:6 where Jesus is prophetically called ``Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Eternal Father, Prince of Peace'', all descriptive phrases used titularly. Writers should use this technique sparingly. Occasionally even `He', `His' and `Him' are capitalized in mid-sentence, as is sometimes found in the sanctimonious writings of Christendom's {religionists}. However, it is not consistently done one way or the other in the {WTB&TS} publications, except that the practice of capitalizing pronouns is scrupulously avoided in the {New World Translation}. And we *never* use the {archaic} pseudo-formalisms Thee, Thou, Thy, and Thine. :car group: A group of persons assigned to car pool together to an assigned field service {territory}. <> ``I already have seven in my car group, so I can't take any more.'' :cat publisher: A Briticism meaning a publisher who does only *meooowwweerrr* (my hour) in service. This one has to be explained to Americans, because we never substitute `me' for `my' as do some Brits. But on this side of the pond street kids commonly substitute `Yo!' for `Hey you!' :Catholic: 1. Short for Roman Catholic, a member of the sect of Christendom claiming the greatest numbers and age. Its leadership is centered around the {Pope} who has traditionally resided at Vatican City in Rome since the earliest times. <> ``Good morning sir; are you a Bible reader?'' ``No, I'm sorry. I'm Catholic.'' 2. `Catholic' can be used in a general sense to mean comprehensive, universal, broad, general, or ordinary, in which case it is written in lower case. <> ``Having had little exposure, he has very catholic tastes in music.'' :CBS: Acronym for {Congregation Book Study}.[34] In my experience it is used much more often as an abbreviation in written form than in speech. <> ``Would someone please resend the email with the scriptures for this week's CBS? I inadvertently flushed it.'' [34] Also for Columbia Broadcasting System, one of the major American TV networks. :CD, CD-ROM: CD is a standard acronym for `compact disk', and CD-ROM for `compact disk read-only memory', small disks capable of storing huge amounts of digital data. Recorded music on CD has made the old twelve-inch vinyl LP disks so obsolete that most stores that sell recordings don't even stock them any more. A CD can store any kind of data, however. Now they are being used as read-only hard disks on computers. A single disk can hold a whole library of information, or an encyclopedia, in mixed format, including graphics, animation, and sound. The most important CD produced to date is the "Watchtower Library 1993 Edition". This volume contains on a single 5-inch disk all the information contained on several shelves in most Witness homes, including the "New World Translation Reference Bible", "Insight on the Scriptures", the "Index 1930-1993", every volume of "The Watchtower" from 1950-1993, every "Awake!" from 1980-1993, "Yearbooks 1980-1994", "Our Kingdom Ministry" back to 1970, all hard-cover books back to 1971, brochures, booklets, and tracts. Piano recordings of the songs in the "Kingdom Songbook", the collection of the {Kingdom songs} sung at meetings, are also now available on CDs for congregation use. :CE: See {BCE}. :chairman: The brother presiding over a meeting or committee, such as the brother who hosts the {Public Meeting} and introduces the {Watchtower Study}. <> ``The presiding overseer serves as chairman at meetings of the body of elders.'' ``The district overseer is chairman of the circuit assembly program.'' ``Brother Stern will be the chairman of that judicial committee.'' :Chairman's Committee: A rotating subcommittee of the {Governing Body}. It consists of the current chairman, the preceding chairman, and the one next in line to be chairman. :chewing gum: The stuff that some parents fail to prevent their kids from leaving on the carpet and under the seats in some {Kingdom Halls}. I am told that in United Kingdom it is fingernail clippings rather than gum that is found. Yuk! :children: The Bible regards children as ``an inheritance from Jehovah'', and a ``reward, like arrows in the hand of a mighty man''. (Psa 127:3-5) This is true when they turn out well. Others regard them as mindless blobs, and self-centered eating machines, until they reach the age of reason. Jehovah's Witnesses follow the scriptural model in training children in spiritual matters. Fathers have the primary responsibility in this. When the family attends congregation meetings, the children attend all the same events, including at assemblies and conventions, that the adults do, and normally sit with their parents. This practice is radically different from that commonly followed in {Christendom}. (Compare {Sunday school}.) :choir: A trained group of singers that sings musical selections in church services. Many mainstream churches have become gaudy theaters for religious entertainment, with music taking center stage. Even tiny churches usually have at least a choir that is given special prominence at various times in the proceedings. Although music unquestionably has a place in true worship, music at congregation meetings is rightly limited to group participation in the singing of {Kingdom songs}. The object in such singing is not artistic or technical achievement, or pseudo-religious emotional titillation, but to focus on the spiritual content of the song lyrics, with the sole objective of building appreciation for matters related to true worship. :Christendom: 1. The realm of countries in the world where {apostate} Christianity is the official or predominant religion. 2. The people who are members of Christendom's churches. <> ``Christendom dismisses God's personal name as unimportant.'' :Christian: A disciple of Jesus Christ. Many persons have made the claim of being Christ's disciples, but Jesus himself said he would disown those calling him Lord if they did not do the will of of his father. (Mat 7:21-23) The founder of Christianity was above all other things a witness of his heavenly father Jehovah; his true followers today are likewise. (1 Pe 2:21) :Christmas [issue, edition]: Every year the Society publishes at least one issue of "The Watchtower" or "Awake!" in December that has a cover feature that {flames} Christmas, dubbed by some the `annual Christmas edition'. <> ``I wonder how many unsuspecting sentimentalists from Christendom's churches who happen to acquire the Christmas edition are thrown for a loop when the see their favorite holiday impaled and served up on a spit by the end of the first page.'' :church: The translation given to the Greek word "ek.kle.si'a" in many English versions of the Bible. In the NWT it is consistently translated as `congregation'. Sometimes people in Christendom use the word to refer to the religious organization they are affiliated with as an institution, often capitalized. <> ``Because of the lack of seminarians the Church recently began allowing the ordination of women and homosexuals.''[35] But in the mind of many people in Christendom the church refers to a building used for religious services. <> ``Did you hear that the church burned to the ground?'' However, in every case the Bible's use of "ekklesia" refers to *people*, i.e., to the Christian congregation, either as a whole, or to a particular group of them. (Act 13:1.) Therefore, Jehovah's Witnesses always refer to their local centers of true worship as {Kingdom Halls} and to the people who meet there by the term {congregation}. When Witnesses say `church' they always mean it in the same sense that is in common use in Christendom. <> ``The church is building a new bingo annex.'' When used in the institutional sense without a specifier as to which sect, the default implication is usually the Roman Catholic church. <> ``The Church's true degree of unity was well demonstrated by the youth rally coinciding with the visit of the Pope to Colorado in the summer of 1993, an event that manifested all the dignity of a rap concert.''[36] [35] Added to the child molesters and revolutionary politicos, and soon to be joined by rapists and cannibals. [36] It was a virtual festival of dissent. NOTE: Often outsiders assume we observe the same usage as they do. Sometimes it is convenient to just let it slide rather than to make an issue over the differences. <> ``You are very active in your church's work of going from door to door, aren't you?'' ``Yes.'' We know what they mean, so this is an accurate answer. :circuit: A grouping of local congregations under each {branch organization}, normally assigned together because of relative geographical closeness. :circuit assembly: Annual (formerly biannual) two-day gathering of all congregations in a {circuit} for a spiritually upbuilding program sponsored by the {Society}. :circuit overseer: An {elder} {appointed} by the {Society} to serve all the {congregations} in a {circuit}, traveling from week to week to visit each congregation in turn. :circuit servant [obs]: Former term for {circuit overseer}. :circuit work: The general term used to describe the life and activity of brothers serving as {circuit overseers}. It is also customarily applied to a circuit oveerseer's wife. <> ``Brother and Sister Nobed have been in circuit work for over 35 years.'' :circumstances: The sum total of a number of related conditions. In the Truth one's circumstances impact the quantity of what he is able to do in serving Jehovah. <> ``Brother Footloose has determined that his circumstances now allow him to begin regular pioneering immediately. He is young, single, has a paid-for car, an excellent income from a part-time job, and modest living expenses. He also has a great love for the service and experience in scheduling from having auxiliary pioneered six times in the last year.'' On the other hand, some people allow their circumstances to be excuses for doing less. <> ``I'm sorry I can't give my talk tomorrow because of my circumstances. My dog stubbed his toe last week and I have to stay home and take care of him.'' The fact that the seventh game of the NBA finals will be televised that night is just an amazing coincidence that will make the pain and inconvenience of having to stay home from the meeting easier to bear. :city overseer: An {elder} {appointed} in cities where there is more than one {congregation}. He does not exercise jurisdiction, but is the focal point of certain communications from the {branch office}. :class: Some prophetic pictures in the Bible represent entire groups of people by a singular image. Thus we speak of the `faithful and discreet slave class', the `heavenly bride class', the `earthly class', the `Lazarus class', the `rich-man class', the `John class', the `clergy class', the `sheep class', the `priestly class', the `kingdom class', the `laity class', the `Jehonadab class', and so on. :class worker [obs]: Term used in the 1930's for {publisher}. (Compare {sharpshooter}.) (See [jv] page 717.) :clergy, clergyman: 1. A {class} of individuals in Christendom's apostate religions that has presumptuously declared itself to be distinguished by virtue of being more expert in matters of religious practice from the common masses of people known as the laity, and that has thereby dominated people, keeping them in poverty and ignorance. 2. The loathsome class of individuals that directly fulfills many Bible prophecies, including the `man of lawlessness' of 2 Th 2:3, 4. This group bears direct responsibility, moreso than any other, for spreading false religious teachings and lies about God, for starting, supporting, and perpetuating the bloodiest wars in human history, and for being ringleaders in the persecution of true Christians throughout the earth and attempting to suppress and bring to an end their work of teaching people the good news about God and his wonderful purposes for mankind. This class is condemned in God's word to a future of everlasting destruction without any hope of future life. 3. A favorite target of Jehovah's Witnesses in their sport of {religion bashing}.[37] [37] It is unquestionably true that *individuals* within this class are sincere persons with good qualities, but as long as they continue to support a religious system Jehovah has slated for destruction, they continue to bear community bloodguilt. Some from this class have even responded favorably to the Truth. In our area we have an exceptionally fine brother who did not learn the Truth until he had retired from serving as a Baptist minister for 35 years. :closing prayer: The prayer offered at the conclusion of a meeting. Brothers are generally free to say any appropriate thing in any public prayer, but they are advised to consider the occasion and purpose for the prayer being given. Concluding prayers might be more elaborate than an {opening prayer}, and might include praise to Jehovah, thanks for the meeting, brief comments on highlights of things learned, and requests in behalf of and the worldwide brotherhood, and the work in general. NOTE: The brother who gives the {public talk} is almost always asked to give the concluding prayer following the {Watchtower Study}. Although this practice seems to follow the protocol followed at assemblies, I have never seen it in print that this is a requirement. If it is I would love it if someone would send me the reference. I am told by one reviewer that this is not the practice in congregations in Norway. :CO: Common acronym for {circuit overseer}. <> ``Why is it that the first night of the CO's visit every elder's brains turn to mush?'' :coffee: Stimulating hot black liquid, the drug of choice consumed in great quantity by most all hard-working Christians in the USA on most any occasion. One CO calls it `the elixer of life'. (Perhaps an overstatement.) However, a few Christians conscientiously abstain from coffee because it contains the drug caffeine. :colporteur [obs]: The original (19th century) term for {full-time} preachers. <> ``In 1881 "The Watch Tower" published an article calling for 1,000 preachers to serve as colporteur evangelists.'' :coming into the Truth: The {experience} one has in making the transition from being a part of the world to making true Christianity a way of life for oneself. Most people who have come into the Truth as adults after having lived in the world will testify that this period was the highlight of their life. <> ``Once he grasped the teaching about why God allows wickedness, he came right into the Truth.'' (See {in the Truth}.) :comment: A statement made during a meeting by someone other than the person currently {presiding}, most frequently in response to a question asked by the conductor. (Heb 10:24) :common archaisms: Older English translations of the Bible, notably the {King James Version}, use formal pronouns, now considered archaic and sanctimonious, especially when used in prayers and addresses to God. The table that follows lists the most common of these and their meanings, along with a count of how many verses each one occurs in in the King James translation: Word Count Meaning ---- ----- ------- hath 1840 third person singular present tense of `have' saith 1197 third person singular present tense of `say' thee 2655 objective case of thou thine 818 thy, before a word beginning with a vowel thou 3835 the one addressed (you) thy 3044 possessive of thou (your) ye 2830 second person plural of `you' The Bible is no mere historical artifact. Hebrews 4:12 tells us that ``the word of God is alive and exerts power''. Thus the {New World Translation} of the Bible was translated originally into modern English. Naturally, therefore, the forms shown in the table do not appear in the {publications}, prayers, meetings, or daily speech of true Christians. :communion: An act of sharing. Most of Christendom's sects refer to the ceremony of partaking from communally shared bread and wine in commemoration of the death of Christ as `Holy Communion'. Jehovah's Witnesses do not use this word to describe these proceedings. (See {Memorial}.) :computer: 1. An electronic device capable of assisting in the performance almost any non-physical work imaginable. (Compare {PC}.) 2. A gadget widely believed by some to be a tool of the Devil, until they realized that the Society makes extensive use of them, following which many brothers in affluent countries rushed out to buy them. :concordance: An alphabetical index of principal words in a book. A Bible concordance is an enormously practical aid to finding scriptures. Even small print editions of the {New World Translation} have abbreviated concordances in them. In 1973 the Society published the "Comprehensive Concordance" for the NWT, containing all but the most common words such as `a' and `the'. Although amazingly useful as a Bible research tool, this publication is a prime candidate for the `expensive publication most often found in homes with the shrink wrap still on it' award. Concordances are still good to have around because of their portability, e.g., to carry on Bible studies. However, the power of a concordance pales into insignificance in comparison with a good lookup program on a computer. :confidential matters: Information that is private, and not to be shared with those who do not need to know it. The term is sometimes used, primarily by elders, to refer to the need to refrain from openly discussing such things with the wrong people. <> ``Brother Blab was removed as an elder for confidential matters.'' He failed to maintain confidentiality. The example is not strictly grammatical, but it is used. :congregation: 1. The entire collection of 144,000 {spiritual Israelites}, in heaven and on earth. (Compare Act 9:31, 1 Co 15:9.) 2. All true worshipers of Jehovah as a collective entity, including {other sheep} and {unbaptized associates}. <> ``When we read about persecution of our brothers and sisters in other parts, it affects the whole congregation.'' (Also compare Act 20:28.) 3. Organized groups of Christians who regularly meet together at the same time and place. Context normally helps to clarify which sense is meant. When speaking to someone in one's own congregation, `the congregation' usually means that particular group, as distinct from others. <> ``It seems as though the congregation has been lax about turning in field service reports on time lately.'' :Congregation Book Study: A Bible study meeting of subgroups within the {congregation}, normally held in private homes. <> ``The elders would like to know if any family is willing to make their home available as a site for a congregation book study.'' :congregation resolution: See {resolution}. :congregation territory: See {territory}. :connections: A contextual relation or association with another person. Jehovah's Witnesses, as a worldwide brotherhood, come to know a great many of each other, including people of all backgrounds. We have been cautioned never to use our connections to the brotherhood for commercial purposes. Drawing the line can be a delicate {matter of conscience}. <> ``The Slack sisters (Polly and Esther) are throwing a Tupperware party this weekend and have invited sisters from three states.''[38] [38] These affairs are not necessarily wrong, but some persons have felt obligated to attend and buy something against their will so as not to hurt the feelings of the hostess. :conscience, conscious: These two words are each often misread as the other. They mean completely different things. `Conscience' in an internal sense of right and wrong. (Rom 2:15) `Conscious' is an adjective meaning awake or aware. (1 Co 4:4) :conservative, liberal: Terms often misused to describe the inclinations, habits, and views of others. Unfortunately, the frame of reference is usually oneself. To one who views himself as liberal (most do), the term conservative implies one who is overly cautious, needlessly fearful, and resistant to change, but liberal implies generosity, boldness, openness, and flexibility. To one who is conservative the term liberal implies impulsive wantonness, a conscience that is poorly tuned, and laxness about conformance to directives from the {Society}, and conservative implies loyalty, staidness, and a willingness to be self-sacrificing. NOTE: Fleshly thinking sometimes prods a person to divide up the elder body mentally into what he perceives to be conservatives and liberals. Then when his heart inclines him on a path that may be contrary to wisdom, he may play one against the other in an attempt to circumvent some Bible counsel, or to justify unwise conduct. Or he may seek counsel from one whose {opinions} he anticipates will be most closely aligned with his own. Such behavior could become a catalyst for causing a division in the congregation. (Compare Rom 16:17, 18.) :context: Text surrounding a passage under examination that may throw light on it. Scriptures that are read without an understanding of their context may be misunderstood and applied. <> ``The Bible says `Are you yet holding fast your integrity? Curse God and die!'' (Job 2:9) The Bible was not *recommending* this course. The context shows that Job's wife was giving him some very bad advice, which he wisely rejected. :Continue in the Things That You Learned: The scripturally derived name of a special meeting conducted by the {circuit overseer} midweek during his visit, normally the same night as the {congregation book study}. (2 Ti 3:14) It is customary for the CO to supply a list of questions for research on the first day of his visit, so people will be able to prepare for this meeting. It is followed by a {service talk}. (See also {New Things Learned}.) :continuous auxiliary pioneer: See {auxiliary pioneer}. :contribution box: Any of various containers kept at the {Kingdom Hall} or distributed around {assembly} and {convention} sites, for the purpose of collecting voluntary financial {contributions}. <> ``In Kiev, Ukraine, the brothers found gold teeth and wedding rings in the contribution boxes.'' :contribution, donation: A voluntary and anonymous financial gift to the {congregation} or to the {Society}. Of course, persons can and do contribute many things besides money. <> ``In their entire history Jehovah's Witnesses have never solicited contributions by passing a collection plate, as is universally practiced in Christendom's churches.'' :convention: A large {assembly} of Jehovah's people, combining congregations from a number of {circuits}. International conventions include small groups of {delegates} and some individual travelers from countries outside the country of the convention's location. <> ``The Watchtower Society has sponsored annual two and three day conventions for Jehovah's people throughout the world for many years.'' :counsel: Advice, especially that which is Bible based, often given directly by one Christian to another. The one giving the counsel does not need special authority to do so. (Gal 6:1) Sometimes counsel comes to us from reading the Bible, from reading the Society's publications, or from the {platform}. In all cases, where counsel fits our circumstances, whether given directly to us or to a large audience, we should endeavor to apply it. NOTE: Some persons confuse `counsel' with `council'. A `council' is a group that acts as an advisory body. Even worse is to use the word `consul', which refers to a governmental official, in modern times one who resides in a foreign country and represents his home country's commercial interests. :counsel point: An item found on the {Speech Counsel Slip}, corresponding to a study chapter in the publication "Theocratic Ministry School Guidebook". Students are expected to work on a particular counsel point, or a group on them, when they prepare School talks. <> ``Sister Slur was working on counsel point 29C, Pronunciation.'' :count, take the count: At congregation meetings, assemblies, and conventions, attendants count, record, and report to the Society the number of persons present. `Count' is often used as a noun. <> ``What was the count for the public talk today?'' ``I don't know; someone else was assigned to take the count.'' :COW: Acronym for `circuit overseer's wife'. :-) <> ``I hope any COWs reading this "Glossary" have a good sense of humor.''[39] [39] If they are really *sheep*, they will not be offended. :creation: The general term used to refer to the account in the first chapters of Genesis where Jehovah created the heavens, the earth, and mankind. Though completely in harmony with proven science, this part of the Bible has come to be severely criticized by some who fail to understand it, particularly by those who prefer to believe the unproven and unprovable theory that human life came about as the result of a process of {evolution}. <> ``We learn much about God's personality by examining creation.'' (Rom 1:20) (Compare {creationism}.) :creationism: The teaching that the Bible's account of creation in the first two chapters of Genesis is literally true, e.g., that Jehovah created the earth in seven literal 24-hour days. Jehovah's Witnesses believe in creation, but not in creationism. Although Bible advocacy is a fine thing, persons who loudly proclaim creationism as the truth are an annoyance to intelligent people, showing themselves to be both ignorant and bigoted, and do much more to harm the Bible's reputation they claim to defend than to promote it. The Bible's account can be satisfyingly explained in a way that harmonizes completely with proven science. (Compare {creation}, and see the "Life" book [ce].) :cronies: My online dictionary defines crony as an `intimate companion'. However, I have seen it used exclusively in a negative context, portraying sycophantic social climbers striving to receive favor from one in a position to give it to them. Every reference I was able to find in my online literature base uses it that way, and it seems always to be used in the plural, consistent with the image of a person with power, money, or influence followed about by an entourage of lackeys. It would seem inappropriate to speak of ``Jesus and his cronies''. Among examples I found were <> ``Satan and his cronies'', ``the former president's crooked cronies and henchmen'', ``religious cronies'' (twice), ``political cronies'', ``drinking spree with his cronies'' (twice), and ``criminals have cronies who will not squeal''. The word may be a borderline {archaism}. I never see it outside the Society's literature. (Compare {henchman}.) :cross: Most people in Christendom believe that Jesus was killed on a two-beamed cross, i.e., an upright pole with a horizontal beam attached to it for the victim's outstretched arms, and have made the idolatrous worship of icons representing such a device a central part of their form of religion. The Bible teaches that the instrument of execution was a simple stake. Thus the word rarely comes up in theocratic speech except in discussions of false religious beliefs. <> ``Persons who wear crosses around their necks should ask themselves: if Jesus Christ had been executed by firing squad or in an electric chair, would people wear little gold rifles or gold chairs as jewelry? If not, then why do they wear what they think was used to torture him to death as jewelry?'' :cult: In modern general usage a cult is a religious group that follows a living leader who promotes new and unorthodox doctrines and practices, normally a small fringe group centered around a single charismatic individual who uses unethical forms of persuasion to manipulate followers. Usually they conduct their operations in secrecy. [compare with non-cult definitions of what constitutes a cult -ed] NOTE: Although some misguided opposers have tried to refer to the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses as a cult, it is obvious that these accusers are uninformed or prejudiced or both. There is nothing freakish about our religion or conduct. We are well-known to society as model citizens, not fanatics. We live and work among the community, are well-educated, adhere to the Bible, and claim no man or group of men whatever as leader. (See the outstanding cover series in [w94 2/15].) [Note that JWs once claimed not to be even a religion; those who have suffered from the exclusionist mentality, failed predictions, broken families and fluctuating commandments of the group of men in Brooklyn whom JWs follow blindly, may deign to disagree with this -ed] :current magazine: The following information may have been valid quite a few years ago and may now be bogus. I was not able to confirm it, but I thought was worth presenting anyhow. If any reader has updated information that he *knows* is true, I would love to hear it from you, along with a reference. "The Watchtower" is published on the first and fifteenth of every month, and "Awake!" on the eighth and twenty-second of every month. A magazine becomes current nine days before its date of publication, and remains current until the date of publication of the next issue. Thus there is some overlap. Given a month where the previous month is a 30-day month, for instance May of 1994, the dates of currency for the month's magazines were as follows: Magazine Begin Current End Current -------- ------------- ----------- May 1 "Watchtower" April 22 May 14 May 8 "Awake!" April 29 May 12 May 15 "Watchtower" May 6 May 31 May 22 "Awake!" May 13 June 7 Most people are completely unaware of this schedule. Regardless of whether it is accurate, its purpose is not to make rules about when to place what magazines, but to assist with maintaining order in the matter of publishing them. Any literature we have available may be used at any time to promote {Kingdom interests}. :current offer: The {publication} being featured in the {field ministry} during the current month, as directed by instructions in "Our Kingdom Ministry" for the month. (See also {campaign}.) :custard Christian: A Briticism referring to a Christian who gets upset over trifles, i.e., small and unnecessary things. It is a play on words; a trifle is a British term for a desert made from jelly, fruit, custard, and other goodies. :cyberwitnessing: Another term for {electronic witnessing}. === D === :daily text, daytext: The scripture, and sometimes the associated comment, published for today's date in our publication "Examining the Scriptures Daily". <> ``The Bethel family discusses the daily text before breakfast every morning.'' <> ``There is a practical comment in the daytext concerning the conducting of family studies.'' :damn, damnation: 1. To damn someone is to condemn him to Christendom's {hell}, a place of eternal fiery torment. Damnation is the state of being so condemned. Because this teaching is completely contrary to Bible teaching, it is not used in this sense by true Christians. Even people in Christendom find this teaching difficult to accept these days. <> ```Churches are not emphasizing the old fire-and-brimstone sermons nearly as much as they have in the past. ... Damnation isn't what it used to be,' reports "The Edmonton Journal".'' ([g94 7/8], page 29) 2. Swear words commonly used in profane speech. (Therefore *not* used in that way by Jehovah's Witnesses. See {four-letter words}.) :dancing: The performance of rhythmic motions to music, a popular form of recreation in all cultures. The answer to the question of what styles of dancing are appropriate for Christians differs from area to area, and in the end is a {matter of conscience}. Most agree that dancing that is sexually stimulating, either because of its gestures or from close physical contact, must be avoided. On the other hand, much of the dancing done by young people, though abandoned, is mostly aerobic exercise and not intrinsically offensive, even if it does not appeal to everyone's taste. Some have wondered whether social dancing between married persons who are not married to each other is appropriate. Though standards vary, I have seen older Bethel elders dancing with other men's wives. This practice may be frowned on in other parts of the world. In any case, anyone whose own conscience permitted it would want to be sure that it was not a cause for stumbling by others. Various types of line dancing and square dancing are considered innocuous enough that few people in this country object to them on scriptural grounds.[40] [40] But some people I know would sooner be bathed in molasses and rolled over an anthill than be caught doing the hokey pokey. :dates: Jehovah's people have always been interested in pinpointing the dates of significant events as they patiently await the fulfillment of God's promises for a New Order. Some important dates that should be on the tip of every Bible student's tongue are: Year Event ---- ----- 1513 BCE Israelites left Egypt 607 BCE Beginning of Babylonish captivity [ 587 BCE Beginning of Babylonish captivity, according to rest of world -ed] 537 BCE Restoration of remnant from Babylon 2 BCE Jesus born 29 CE Jesus began ministry 33 CE Jesus died as a ransom 70 CE Jerusalem destroyed 1879 CE "Watchtower" began publication 1914 CE Jesus enthroned, beginning of last days[41] 1919 CE Remnant restored to activity 1931 CE Name `Jehovah's Witnesses' adopted 1935 CE Great crowd revealed [41] Have you ever wondered how large a percentage of Witnesses use 1914 as the code number on their automatic teller machines? I know of at least two Kingdom Hall security systems that use that number. At times some Witnesses have attached too much importance to future dates that the Bible seems to point to, leading them to {premature expectations} and disappointment. [a classic instance of the blame being shifted from those who made the failed predictions to those who followed them. -ed] :dating: The practice of spending time and engaging in social activities with members of the opposite sex {one on one}. Jehovah's Witnesses consider dating a part of the process of selecting a marriage mate, and thus not something to be taken lightly. We enjoy social events as much as other people, including in mixed groups. But the practice of pairing up members of the opposite sex socially is strongly discouraged among young people who have not yet reached the age to consider marriage. :dawn patrol: Publishers who hit the bus stops and laundromats at 6 AM and have all their time in for the day by 9 or 10 AM. Much good can be accomplished by these early risers if they are alert to start conversations with persons they meet. However, it has been noted that because they don't have to face many people, their {return visit} and Bible study activity is often low. (See also {laundromat publisher}.) :deacon: An officer in one of Christendom's churches, one who serves in an official capacity, but with less responsibility than a fully empowered clergyman. The word is derived from the Greek word "di.a'ko.nos", which is translated in the {NWT} as {ministerial servant}. :death, dead: The cessation of life. Things that are dead were once alive, such as humans, animals, and plants, whereas inanimate objects that never had any form of life in them are not described as dead, but merely lifeless. Human death is described in the Bible as an enemy. (1 Co 15:26) Thus it is normal to grieve when those close to us die. However, because the Bible explains the truth about the condition of the death, informed Christians do not go to extremes in expressing sorrow, as do those in captivity to Satan's false teachings, leading such persons to a condition of hopelessness and fear of death. (1 Th 4:13, Heb 2:15) Outsiders who attend {memorial} talks at a Kingdom Hall are often surprised by the calm and dignity shown at such occasions. STORY: One sister, known for her ability to fracture the English language, once said in a serious tone of voice, <> ``We've had so many deaths recently it isn't even funny.'' As if to say just one less would constitute a virtual laugh riot. Actually, we do take it a *little* more seriously than that. :dedication: 1. The act of devoting someone or something to Jehovah's use and service. Most frequently it refers to a *personal* dedication, i.e., the step one takes that is later symbolized by {water baptism}. <> ``Sister Weakly requested the opportunity to be {rebaptized} because she never made a dedication.'' 2. A program that is presented in consequence of a new building constructed for Jehovah's worship. <> ``Brother Oldtimer is coming from Bethel to give the dedication for our new Kingdom Hall.'' :delegate: A representative to a convention. <> ``One of the friends will be a delegate to the international convention in Nairobi, Kenya next year.'' :demo: Short for {demonstration}. <> ``Brother Nosho is not here yet; he is supposed to present a Service Meeting part with two demos on it!'' :demonstration: A skit style portion of a meeting {part}, often an example field presentation. Sometimes meeting parts that are not straight lecture-style parts are called `demonstrations' even though they don't literally demonstrate anything, in the how-to sense of the word. In such cases the term demonstration is a misnomer, but it is used anyway. <> ``I have a demonstration on my part next week; it is to be given as two elders discussing the needs of the elderly.'' :denomination: The name of a religious organization. The word is used primarily to distinguish the many sects of Christendom that {profess} to be Christian. <> ``What denomination are you?'' ``I'm a Methodist.'' <> ``What denomination are you?'' ``None. I'm one of Jehovah's Witnesses.'' (See {Jehovah's Witnesses} for an explanation of our name.) [A holdover from the old denial of being a religion; this was reversed for tax purposes; denomination status brings no such rewards - ed] :destiny, predestination: Destiny is a predetermined course of events one is powerless to change. Some religions (e.g., Calvinism) teach that God has an unchangeable master plan for everyone and that each one's entire future course has been determined in advance. This philosophy is known as `predestination'. It is patently bogus scripturally speaking. On the other hand, Jehovah *does* have the power of selective foreknowledge, the ability to know in advance what will happen given certain conditions, and on occasion he utilizes this ability. See the [it] article on "FOREKNOWLEDGE, FOREORDINATION" for details. :DF: Acronym for {disfellowshipped}. <> ``He used to be a brother, but now he is DF.'' :diehard: Someone who resists against hopeless odds. The word is seen in combinations like <> ``That man is a diehard Catholic.'' Some people say ``I was born a Baptist and I'm going to die a Baptist.'' To which some Witnesses would quip ``Now *there's* a distinct possibility.'' :diet: A prescribed program of eating, usually intended to reduce body weight.[42] Jehovah's Witnesses are no different from anyone else in having to battle against the ravages of imperfection and aging. So a common topic of untheocratic conversation, particularly among sisters, is diet and exercise. For some persons about the only way to make a significant reduction in body weight is to get religion in connection with some diet scheme. Persons to whom this happens can be annoying to be around. <> ``Don't you know that's one of the worst things you can possibly eat?!'' They turn into vigilante food police. Fortunately their zeal usually lasts only until the inevitable time arrives when they apostasize on a whole bag of double-filled Oreos. (Compare {health fads}.) [42] And rarely, to increase it. NOTE: Some people rationalize: ``I'm only 25 pounds overweight. That's not *too* bad.'' Oh really? Try running two miles; then drop a couple of bowling balls in your shorts before doing it again and see if it makes a difference. :director of the feast: A scripturally based term applied to a brother who accepts responsibility for supervising and coordinating activities at a large social gathering of Jehovah's people, such as a wedding reception. (Joh 2:1, 9) :disassociate, disassociation: An action taken by a {baptized} member of the {congregation} who deliberately repudiates his Christian standing, stating that he no longer wants to be known as one of {Jehovah's Witnesses}. Sadly, some wrongdoers, having been cornered by a {judicial committee} and sensing that their {disfellowshipping} is imminent, opt to self-destruct by spontaneously disassociating themselves. This action is like saying ``You can't throw me out because I quit!'' Although the procedure followed with disassociation is a lot simpler than disfellowshipping, thus saving the elders a lot of work, people who resort to this cowardly action only harm themselves, and will find that if they ever repent of the decision and want to return, they will have to take up where they left off, and finish off the unresolved judicial matter before resuming life in good standing inside Jehovah's organization. NOTE: This term is frequently misunderstood and misused. The word is reflexive, i.e., it is an action taken by a person toward *himself*. It is not taken by the congregation. <> ``It is *wrong* to say `He joined the army and so the elders disassociated him.''' [Another classic instance of 'blame the victim'. The congregation disassociates the person, pace the word-play attempted here; any JW continuing social relations (even saying "Hello") to such a person is liable to discipline and possible disfellowshipment. This is also an instance of dubious differenentiation of synonyms, since in English, 'fellowship' and 'association' are identical -ed] :disaster relief: Assistance provided and organized through the {Society} when families in the {Truth} are affected by earthquakes, floods, and other natural disasters. <> ``When hurricane Andrew struck south Florida, the Society's disaster relief organization had full scale assistance in operation faster than any one else, including the army. This is not surprising when you realize that Jehovah's Witnesses are training to take over management of the whole world at the conclusion of the great tribulation.'' [JWs have reported that the Video Team from Brooklyn Bethel were in with the first relief trucks. -ed] :discipline: The original Bible language words translated as `discipline' in NW convey the thought of *training* with the goal of correction. Hebrews describes the end result as righteousness. (Heb 12:11) Some people mistakenly think that discipline in connection with children means only punishment, including physical chastisement, such as by spanking. Thinking of it in Bible terms puts a different light on it. However, discipline is not the same as mere learning, because as Heb 12:11 adds, discipline is always grievous, and thus generally unpleasant, whereas ordinary learning is rarely so. So discipline carries a connotation of pressure or coercion on the one to whom it is being applied, not with the intent of vengeance, rather of providing added incentive to move him to follow a particular course. <> ``Although I'd like to stay out later, if I do my parents will ground me for the rest of the year, so I must go home now.'' That decision was an exercise of the easiest form of discipline to bear, namely self-discipline. NOTE: In recent years physical discipline of children has become unpopular, and in some places even illegal. Even mild spanking administered in a loving way by a parent intent on correcting a child's wrong course may be interpreted as child abuse. Such laws impose restrictions on the responsibility God gave parents to `bring their children up in the discipline and mental-regulating of Jehovah.' (Eph 6:4) They must be taken into account, however. :disease of the month: An illness featured in a recent magazine. The publications, particularly "Awake!", regularly present detailed articles on health problems. In recent times we have had series on AIDS, Alzheimer's, Epstein-Barr syndrome, Lou Gehrig's disease, allergies, anemia, attention deficit disorder, cancer, carpal tunnel syndrome, chronic depression, collitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, eating disorders, lead poisoning, narcolepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder, and temporomandibular joint syndrome, to name just a few. It seems as though whenever the magazines feature some new malady, there is a wave of incidents of it, especially among the sisters. This could be viewed as emanating from the foresight of the holy spirit directing the writing to anticipate our needs, but it might also reflect in some measure a few cases of hypocondriacs falling victim to the power of suggestion. Some people shop around and pay large sums of money until they find a doctor who will declare them to have an ailment that fits their needs. <> ``Will your wife be joining us in service this morning?'' ``Naw, she's laid up with the disease of the month.'' [Even in small matters, the WTS spreads gloom, making people aware of as many diseases of 'this old system' as possible -ed] :disfellowshipping: The action taken when a {judicial committee} finds it necessary to put an unrepentant {wrongdoer} out of the congregation. (See {reinstate}.) <> ``Disfellowshipping is an action the elders take as a last resort after all efforts to restore an erring one have failed.'' :disfellowshipping announcement: A simple announcement that says: <> ``So-and-so has been disfellowshipped.'' No more than this is said, for legal reasons. (See {unchristian}.) When I was {new in the Truth}, judicial announcements would sometimes be accompanied by a long windup on the badness of some type of conduct. Things got tense as everyone gradually tuned in, anticipating the bad news that was coming. This is no longer done, with good reason. :disfellowshipping offense: A sin that, if not repented of, will normally result in a person's being {disfellowshipped} from the congregation. All sin, no matter how small is ultimately deserving of death in God's eyes. However, the Bible also recognizes degrees of sin, and is very clear about God's standards for his people in the {last days}. Certain grave acts cannot be cared for merely by an individual's expressing repentant sorrow in prayer before Jehovah and abandoning the wrong course, although those actions are required. Disfellowshipping offenses must be cared for by a {judicial committee} of elders who investigate matters and judge whether a {wrongdoer} is truly repentant, and what {discipline} needs to be administered. Sins such as murder (including abortion), {apostasy} (including the celebration of false religious holidays), {fornication}, lying, stealing, {blasphemy}, and alcohol or drug abuse (including use of tobacco), are examples of disfellowshipping offenses. <> ``Some people have said that although marrying an unbeliever is not a disfellowshipping offense, it ought to be.''[43] [The critical question posed is 'Do you accept the authority of the WatchTower Society?' - a negative answer means exit -ed] [43] Which is a whole new can of worms. Be assured that anyone expressing such a strong personal opinion is opening up what will certainly become a controversial topic. (Act 18:15) :district: Local congregations under each branch organization are arranged into {circuits} and a number of circuits make up a `district'. :district convention: A large {assembly} attended by persons from several {circuits}. Sometimes these are referred to as {district assemblies}, but the {Society} does not use this term in print. :district overseer: An {elder} {appointed} to visit the {circuits} in his {district}, serve at {circuit assemblies}, and spend some time serving {congregations}, usually with a {circuit overseer} present. :district servant [obs]: Former term for the {district overseer}, now obsolete. :district work: General term to describe the life and activity of brothers serving as {district overseers}. It is also properly applied to a district oveerseer's wife. <> ``Brother and Sister Sturdy have been in district work for over 35 years.'' :divided household: A home where one or more persons is an {unbeliever}. <> ``Persons who come from divided households sometimes have their faith severely tested on a daily basis.'' :DO: Acronym for {district overseer}. <> ``Brother Roam was in Bethel for years, but currently he's a DO.'' :Do we not: At the beginning of a sentence it means `We do, do you not agree?' Otherwise note the example <> ``Do we not love Jehovah's provisions such as this assembly?'' The thunderous applause that inevitably follows means `Yes, we *do*', not `Yes, we do *not*'. :do-not-call: The address of a person who has been recorded as having asked (sometimes emphatically) that we not call again. I have never seen this expression in print, though it is in common use locally. The hyphenation follows the pattern of the similar term {not-at-home}. <> ``The Society has suggested that we tactfully revisit all do-not-calls on occasion to see if there has been a change of heart.'' :do-nothing elder: An elder who merely holds his appointment and does next to nothing to fulfill his responsibilities short of accepting a few obligatory assignments that are often executed routinely. It is much more difficult to remove a deficient elder from office than it is to recommend him for appointment. That is one reason why Paul recommended exercising caution in making appointments. (See 1 Ti 5:22.) Brothers who become incapacitated because of age, illness, or other mitigating circumstances are not do-nothing elders. The condition is a matter of attitude and quality of service, not quantity. NOTE: Christians should be most reluctant to use this term because it implies that the one speaking it has examined the circumstances of the one to whom it is being applied and made a judgement. (Compare Mat 7:1, Mat 5:22.) The body of elders is invariably aware when a brother is in need of help and will do what they can to help him. :domestics: Individual anointed members of the composite {faithful and discreet slave}. (Mat 24:45) :donation: See {contribution}. :donation arrangement: The policy of leaving {literature} with persons who show interest in the {Kingdom message} {without charge}, then explaining that the cost of the literature is supported by voluntary donations. This policy was first implemented in the United States, allegedly as a reaction to the government's changed policies on the issue of taxation on religious organizations, as brought to the fore by the activities of certain well-known religious crooks. (The rumor is that the change was allegedly provoked in response to public comments made by one such individual famous for confessing his sins on TV.) The practice is now followed in other countries as well. [A fact, not a rumor, is that the WTS supported Jimmy Swaggart as a co-plaintiff in a lawsuit ("Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v California Board of Education') on states' ability to levy tax on sales of religious literature; the change in WTS policy came 6 weeks after Swaggart, Krishna Consciousness, Churches of Christ and the WatchTower Society lost the Supreme Court decision of Jan 17,1990. The arrangement is only implemented in certain, wealthier, countries -ed] :door-over-door: See {house-over-house}. :door-to-door, house-to-house: Synonymous terms for {public witnessing} to persons in their homes. <> ``I have fresh territory, so am planning on doing some house-to-house today.'' Which one you prefer probably depends on whether you live in a city where there are many apartments, or where people live mainly in private homes. House-to-house is scriptural (without the hyphens in {NW}, but with them in many of the {Society's} publications), but door-to-door is more generic because not everyone lives in a house. :Douay Version: One of the standard Roman Catholic translations of the Bible in English. Sometimes referred to as the `Do-away Version' because it entirely does away with the use of Jehovah's name. <> ``According to the Do-away Version `The LORD said unto my Lord ...''' (Mat 22:44) :double life: A course in life wherein a person behaves one way when with members of the congregation and at home, and in a way contrary to Bible standards when out of the sight of fellow Christians. This problem arises frequently among young people, especially teenagers, upon whom {peer pressure} exerts an unyielding negative influence. :[double, extra] [portion, measure] of holy spirit: Sometimes in public prayers brothers will ask Jehovah to supply some extra quantity of holy spirit to some who particularly need it, e.g., those undergoing persecution, illness, or hard times. The intent of this phrase is certainly a great kindness, but it implies that Jehovah's spirit sometimes cannot get the job done. But Jehovah's holy spirit is perfect and always accomplishes the task that it is sent out to do completely. Asking for Jehovah to provide or to continue providing his spirit is all that is required. :drama: A theatrical presentation with characters and dialog that tells a story. Since 1966 the Society has featured dramas portraying Bible or modern-day events in light of Bible teaching as a highlight of {district assemblies} presented around the world. These productions are not intended to be great {art}, with emphasis on masterful scripts, stellar performances or elaborate sets and costumes. They are more like medieval morality plays in that their purpose is to assist in conveying the truth of God's Word to appreciative hearts. <> ``Following the drama on Sunday morning's session there was hardly a dry eye in the house.'' :driveby: A way of calling on {return visits} and {not-at-homes}. Sometimes in cases where it is difficult to find people at home, {car groups} will drive to an address, look for a sign that someone is home (e.g., an open window, or a parked car), and if not, keep on rolling. It is regarded as a way of using time efficiently, finding the greatest number of people in the least amount of time. The term's macabre humor comes from the contrast to its more common use in the world, i.e., in reference to driveby shootings, wherein youth gangs in some areas drive down the street and indiscriminately shoot and kill someone from their car and then drive off. <> ``Let's do a driveby on the folks at the end of this block.'' === E === :earth: The Bible uses the word `earth' literally, to refer to the planet we live on (Gen 1:1), figuratively in many different contexts (Isa 66:1, Rev 5:3), and to represent mankind. (Jos 24:14) So do we. People from New York sometimes call it `duh URF'. :earthly hope: The expectation for future life entertained by servants of God *not* begotten by holy spirit as {spiritual Israelites}. They believe they will ultimately be granted the gift of everlasting as perfect human creatures on a cleansed paradise earth. (Luk 23:43) <> ``Persons with earthly hopes frequently dwell on future pleasures such as dwelling in peace with the animals.'' :easygoing: Taking life easy. It suggests a lack of seriousness, and sometimes even a lackadaisical spirit bordering on laziness. The Bible associates it with stupidness at Pro 1:32. Thus it is sometimes used as a euphemism for `not very bright'. <> ``We had a mixed gathering of folks, including some of the more intellectual ones, and some of the easygoing ones.'' :editor: A text manipulation program, similar to a word processor, designed to handle primarily {ASCII} files. The most often-used ones in UNIX are vi, a simple basic editor, and emacs, a text whacker of Herculean power.[44] Many PC-oriented computer users are accustomed to using only a word processor for text manipulation, but the editor is the single most important tool of computer professionals, especially those who program. <> ``The best way to read the text extraction of the "Glossary" is to peruse it on a computer with an editor.'' [44] Which is what I use. :education: The process of learning, especially in the formal sense, as by going to school. Jehovah's Witnesses put such a high value on spiritual education that it has been said that regularly attending our meetings constitutes the gaining of a complete education in matters necessary for life. (See 2 Ti 3:15-17.) Opinions about education from other sources differ dramatically among Witnesses; our collective view of this subject has shifted markedly in the last few years. There are still those who believe that most any effort spent in acquiring training outside the boundaries of the organization, even self-teaching, is at best a necessary evil, and at worst a waste of time. Until recently not a few persons believed that enrolling in formal schooling beyond the absolute minimum necessary for survival[45] is *wrong*. (See {militantly ignorant}.) Others believe that the primary objective of secular education is to obtain some kind of certificate, usually with the object of obtaining better employment, so as to be able to serve Jehovah better. If employment for the sake of the money or status were the only purpose of education, then it would be a very shallow goal indeed. Still others feel that any amount of education, no matter how acquired, is inherently a good thing because it broadens one's perspectives. [Note that these views on education did not arise 'collectively' but were originated and imposed by the WatchTower Society itself. IT has only recently become possible for JWs to attend college without risking parental and congregation disapproval or {marking} -ed] [45] Around here that means graduation from high school. :elder: A spiritual {older man}, one who is {appointed} to serve the spiritual needs of the {congregation}. In the English {NWT} the word is used not at all in the Hebrew scriptures, and twelve times in the {Greek scriptures}, all in Revelation, and all in reference to the 24 elders seen in vision surrounding God's throne. (Rev 4:4) STORY: When the NWT was originally translated, we did not yet have the present elder arrangement, so the translators did not want to use the translation `elder' for the term for `older man'. Later, when the elder arrangement came into being, {Brooklyn} said it would be good for newer retranslations to use the foreign language equivalent of elder.[46] [46] This information came to me second hand from a Bethel brother who works in the translation department of a foreign branch. :elder who performs weddings: We have no succinct title in American English to designate such a brother. It was this term that got me started writing the "Glossary". A {foreign-speaking} brother used the expression `wedding man'[47] and apologized for not knowing the English word. No apology was necessary. Though we probably *should* have a specific term for such a brother because of the legalities involved, we don't. [47] "Vigselsmann" in Norwegian. Apparently they *do* have a phrase for this in *Australian* English, however. One {friend} recently informed me that her father, an elder, serves there in the capacity of `marriage celebrant', a legally sanctioned office. The name describes the function perfectly, but the title is not known by that name in these parts. NOTE: *Any* brother, elder or not, may give a wedding talk. However in most places, only certain brothers among the elders are registered and licensed with the local government, authorizing them to administer the legal requirements. :elder's wife: Some persons seem to expect the wife of an {elder} to be living a better example of Christianity than other sisters in the congregation, as if she were an elder, too. <> ``How can she justify watching that movie? She's an elder's wife!'' (If she weren't, would the movie then be OK for her to watch?) (Compare {elderette}.) This expectation imposes an unscriptural hardship on these sisters, since the Bible nowhere specifies special requirements for an elder's wife. The standards of conduct are the same for all Christians. Furthermore, an elder's wife may even be an unbeliever in some circumstances. However, it is true that an unsubmissive or rebellious wife can cause her husband's qualifications to be questioned, either preventing him from being appointed or leading to the removal of his appointment. :elderette: Tongue-in-cheek word for an elder's wife. <> ``So your husband was {appointed} an elder. Welcome to the elderettes!'' :-) It can have a pejorative connotation, designating a sister who is headstrong or a busybody, one who acts outside her authority, as though she were an elder. Fortunately, this usage is not widespread. One brother in England quipped <> ``If an elder's wife is an elderette, does that make a ministerial servant's wife a serviette?[48] [48] A Briticism for table napkin. :elders meeting: The body of elders meets regularly to discuss matters pertaining to the welfare of the congregation. The goings on, including the {agenda}, are confidential, but everything that needs to be made know to the congregation at large is announced or otherwise revealed in due course. One of the most important elders meetings takes place when the circuit overseer visits. The consideration of brothers for appointment as elders and ministerial servants is always high on the agenda. :electronic witnessing: Witnessing to people by electronic communications, e.g., by computer through Internet news groups, {email} exchanges, and {BBS}s. Some have found this activity to be enjoyable and even productive. A few persons have actually gotten started in the Truth as a result of it. However, this kind of activity should never take precedence over our usual public methods of preaching that bring us into personal contact with people. NOTE: Email discussions afford relative privacy and opportunity for personal interchange. In contrast, electronic news groups and BBSs are often public forums where anyone can participate. The Internet USENET news group talk.religion.misc is the best known example of an electronic arena devoted to the discussion of religious matters. There is no need to be paranoid about what we might encounter to the extent of avoiding electronic communication entirely. However, Christians should be alert to watch especially for signs of {apostates}, who sometimes don't identify themselves openly, and who may try to use subtle persuasion to sow {seeds of doubt} and gradually turn readers against the Truth. Also, one should be as careful to avoid hostile confrontations and getting into arguments with opposers as one would be in any other form of the ministry. For what the information is worth, although I live all day long on the Internet, and read many newsgroups, as of this writing I have never once personally read postings on talk.religion.misc. However, many other fine brothers and sisters do. Another concern that has caused some to raise an eyebrow is the question of how much field service time a person counts when working hour after hour on electronic notes. However, the Society has published clear guidelines on how to count time. How a brother applies this information is a matter between him and Jehovah. :email: Standard {hacker} terminology for electronic mail, i.e., messages that are sent by computer network. (Compare {snail mail}.) Email is a much appreciated and indispensable tool of persons whose work attaches them to the Internet, especially computer professionals. Email can be dealt with according to the receiver's own schedule. That could mean immediately, resulting in turnaround times of just a minute or so. But it allows the receiver to prioritize messages. In comparison the telephone is a rude device that interrupts you and demands immediate attention, no matter what you are doing. Another advantage is that when email is saved, it leaves a written record of exchanges that can be built into a substantial information database. The fact that I get about 100 email messages a day, but only two or three phone calls (mostly from my wife) is strong evidence that busy computer workers greatly prefer email to the telephone for most lower priority communications. :emblems: Literally symbols or tokens. The word is used to refer to the bread and the wine that are shared at the {Lord's Evening Meal} They represent his body and blood respectively. <> ``Having discussed the background for this joyful occasion, it is now time to pass the emblems.'' :emoticon, smiley face, frowney face: `Emoticon' is a compound word meaning an image (icon) conveying emotion. It refers to character sequences typed by hackers in electronic communication to indicate an emotional state that cannot be conveyed because of the absence of personal contact. I've included the most common ones in this "Glossary" because they show up so often in electronic communications. To read them, tilt your head sideways, to the left. Name Meaning ---- ------- :-) smiley face humor, laughter, friendliness, sarcasm :-( frowney face sadness, anger, upset ;-) half-smiley face ha ha, but serious :-/ wry face ironically or grimly humorous :-P sassy face nyaa, nyaa! 8=0 surprised face wide-eyed, open-mouthed astonishment[49] [49] Does the name Buckwheat mean anything to you? Some who get the joke may need to read the entry on politically correct before overreacting. (Ecc 7:9) :entertainment: An activity to occupy one's time and attention agreeably, especially in the form of a public performance. The implication is that entertainment is something frivolous, superfluous, and unimportant. (Compare Ecc 2:2.) In this respect entertainment differs from the {arts}, which are capable of challenging and enlightening the mind, deeply moving the human spirit, and permanently changing one's perspective on life, though in the minds of many people there is little or no difference. This is not surprising, since many of the greatest works of art are also very entertaining. In the {last days} people have forgotten how to keep themselves amused during free time, so entertainment by paid professionals has become a vast industry. Satan has capitalized on the ability of entertainment to captivate and educate in order to propagate his own teachings. Thus much of the entertainment that is popular today is degraded and unfit for Christian consumption. Some people claim that they are invulnerable to its corrupting effects, saying <> ``The bad stuff just goes in one ear and out the other.'' As one {DO} said ``So does a bullet!'' :everlasting life, eternal life: Jehovah has promised that humans who remain faithful to him and successfully meet all tests of loyalty will eventually receive from him a guarantee that they will never die. This is different from simply continuing to live on and on; persons will be conscious of having God's approval and of the reward bestowed on them, and will thus never again have to fear even the possibility of dying, although they will remain {mortal}, i.e., *capable* of death. If a boulder were to fall out of the sky on their heads, they would die. Apparently, such things will never happen. The promise of eternal life is extended only to humans who will live in paradise on the earth, and is different from the gift of {immortality}. :evildoer: One who has done something {wicked}. The word has a melodramatic flavor and is not found much in common speech. Casual usage sounds awkward: <> ``Hey Phil, don't forget to lock your door tonight; the neighborhood is crawling with evildoers.'' Perhaps some people are hesitant to use the word because it is judgemental in flavor, and it is presently considered both tactless and politically incorrect to speak judgementally of others. <> ``So tell me, how much longer will your son the evildoer be in prison?'' But `evildoer' is found 25 times in the "New World Translation", and is acceptable in formal writing. :evolve, evolution: 1. The unscriptural pseudo-scientific belief that life originated by accident. 2. The words have come to be used in a figurative way to describe non-living things that grow and change over time. Most Christians are careful to avoid saying things like <> ``Our methods have evolved over the years.'' This is not the best choice of words to describe how our preaching techniques have changed; but sayings like that slip out once in a while anyway. This is one of those you-know-what-I-mean expressions. :exclamation point: The {Society's} favorite punctuation mark! Seen as often as six or eight times on a single page! I once counted five in a single paragraph! Designed to suggest that readers should gasp or be excited or shocked at the littlest thing! <> ``It's time for Charlie to give the accounts report!'' In hacker parlance the ASCII character `!' is most commonly referred to as a `bang'. In comparison, you could read every issue of "Time" magazine for a year and never see a single exclamation point, even though the magazine frequently relates some astonishing things.[50] [50] In fairness, since I have fallen into the habit of noticing exclamation points, I have observed a tapering off in the last year or so. Perhaps the Society's editorial standards have been updated recently. NOTE: German-speaking readers are aware that in German it is grammatically required to use an exclamation point in imperative sentences. <> "``Bitte, sitzen Sie!''"[51] This is not required in English except in rare cases where great force is desired. <> ``Sit down and shut up!'' However, it is customary to use exclamation points *sparingly* on statements that convey strong emotion. <> ``Jehovah is so good!'' ``I hate tobacco smoke!'' [51] Meaning ``Please sit down.'' :exemplary: Demonstrating a commendable pattern worthy of imitation. (Compare {good standing}.) Congregation members viewed as exemplary are so noted because of zealous activity in service, regularity at meetings, diligence in personal study, and being irreproachable in matters of personal conduct, appearance, speech, and attitude. Exemplary persons are always in good standing in the congregation, but the converse is not necessarily true. <> ``In the absence of an elder or ministerial servant, some responsibilities may be handled by another exemplary brother.'' :exhort, exhortation: To move to action by warnings, advice or convincing argument. Persons can often be motivated to act merely by the sincerity or enthusiasm of one encouraging them to do so. The words `exhort' and `exhortation' are found 32 times in the NWT. ``Therefore he also gave many other exhortations and continued declaring good news to the people.'' (Luk 3:18) :expel: 1. To cut off from membership; a close synonym for {disfellowship}. <> ``Unrepentant wrongdoers are expelled from the congregation in the same way that the ancient Jews expelled persons from the synagogue.'' (Joh 16:2) 2. Used in {NW} in connection with the ability to drive out demons. (Mar 1:34) Although demons can be chased away by prayer, using Jehovah's name out loud (Jam 4:7), we don't today claim the miraculous ability to expel demons. :experiences: 1. Events personally undergone or lived through. Jehovah's Witnesses most often use the word in connection with {field service} encounters. <> ``Tell us about the experience you had when a man chased you down the driveway with a gun.'' 2. Often the first part on assembly programs following lunch break. <> ``And now Brother N. Terview will talk with some who made pioneering their way of life when they were very young.'' === F === :F&DS, FADS: Abbreviations for {faithful and discreet slave}. I have been using the first myself for over 20 years (in the spirit of {WTB&TS}), and just recently saw the other, a usage I don't personally care for. No doubt someone somewhere uses FDS, but I've never seen it. :fad: A practice, e.g., a style of dress or grooming or a type of music, that is followed enthusiastically by some significant number of people for a short period and then dies out. <> ``Jehovah's Witnesses are never the first to follow some new fad, nor are they the last.'' :faith: Many people without Bible training incorrectly understand faith to be credulity, i.e., willingness to believe things without basis, which is really *blind* faith. (Compare 2 Cor 11:4.) But the Bible explains in Hebrews 11:1 that faith is based on certain provable evidence. Therefore the Bible, in encouraging Christians to build strong faith, is not teaching people to be gullible, but to reach out and get a good education in spiritual matters. :faithful and discreet slave: An expression used illustratively by Jesus to describe the entire composite body of {spirit-anointed} Christians on the earth at any given time. (Mat 24:45-47) This term is frequently invoked to emphasize the respect for the authority Jesus has bestowed upon this class. <> ``How grateful we should all be that the faithful and discreet slave has published {The Watchtower} for so many years!'' NOTE: The faithful and discreet slave is *not* any single individual, and it is *not* the {Governing Body}, which is only a mouthpiece of the greater composite slave. [This latter distinction is meaningless in practice; all power, doctrine and commands issue from the 'Governing Body'; other so-called 'annointed' members exist as isolated, ordinary, individuals -ed] :family study: A {Bible study} regularly conducted by the spiritual head of a household with other members of his family. <> ``Most people in our congregation have their family study on Monday night, except during football season.'' :fanatic, fanaticism: A person who is excessively and uncritically devoted to something. A {CO} once said that we are fanatics for Jehovah. If fanaticism implies blind faith, lack of reason and excess, then I disagree, because Christian faith is based on knowledge and reason, and Christians are moderate in habits rather than given to excesses. (Compare Joh 4:22, 1 Ti 3:2.) :FAQ: Hacker acronym for `frequently asked questions', usually referring to a file of such questions and their answers, all related to some particular subject. :fate: See {destiny, predestination}. :favorite titles: Here are a few of my favorite {magazine} article titles from recent times, i.e., these titles by themselves tickled me and made me laugh, even though the articles themselves were serious: o "My Father Was ``Atom-Bombed Out Of Prison''" They could have added the words "By Aliens Who Took Me to See Elvis" and sold the story to "The Enquire".[52] o "Baptize! Baptize! Baptize! --- But Why?" o "Paradise or Garbage Dump --- Which Do You Prefer?" o "Was Jesus Born in the Snow?" [52] American tabloid journalism at its worst. :fear of man: An unhealthy dread of the actions or opinions of others, to a degree that influences persons to behave contrary to the way of the Truth in order to avoid conflict. (Compare Luk 12:4, 5.) A well-known Bible example is the account at Gal 2:11-14 where Peter was guilty of putting on a pretense because he feared the reactions of visitors sent by James. Fear of man can manifest itself in embarrassment about being recognized as a Witness by co-workers, neighbors, or schoolmates. <> ``I don't want to work on this street; my friend Hammer from school lives in this block!''[53] (See also {peer pressure}.) [53] Say what!? What is this boy doing with a `friend' from school with a name like Hammer in the first place? :field overseer: The {elder} assigned to look after all aspects of {field service}, including such details as {literature} and {territory}. :field service report: The monthly accounting of field activity that each person turns in to the {secretary} using the S-4 form, counting the time spent, the literature placed, and the number of {return visits} and {Bible studies} for the month. :field, field ministry, field service: The `field' is the entire {world} of non-Christians. (Mat 13:38) The metaphor brings to mind a place where seeds of {Truth} are sown, and from which there is a potential harvest to be reaped. The terms `field ministry' and `field service' are synonymous expressions for the work that Christians do in preaching to and teaching others about the Kingdom and God's will. :finger quotes: A gesture used to emulate written {quotes} in oral speech. The speaker holds up both hands by the side of his head, palms out, with the ring and pinkie fingers clamped under the thumbs and the index and middle fingers extended which he wiggles once or twice. Sometimes the speaker will even add the words ``quote'' or even ``quote quote'' (short for begin quote, end quote) to emphasize the gesture. :first day of the week: Which day is first day of the week? The Bible record shows that the Jews observed the sabbath (which means the seventh day) from sunset Friday to sunset Saturday night, by divine decree. Most people in Christendom who believe in observing the sabbath, except Seventh Day Adventists and a few others for whom the question of which day of the week the now-obsolete sabbath should be observed seems to be virtually the only doctrine, do so on Sunday, making Saturday the sixth day. Jesus' ransom relieved Christians of the obligation to regard certain days as more holy than others. (See Col 2:13, 14, Gal 4:9-11.) Today the activities of the New World Society cycle around Monday as the first day of the week. Each week's "Watchtower" schedule, and the schedules for the {School} and {Service Meeting} are always listed for the week of a date that falls on Monday. Most secular calendars, and also the WTB&TS calendar, are laid out to show Sunday as the first day, in the column on the left, and Saturday as the seventh day. Saturday and Sunday together are regarded as the weekend, but does that mean the seventh and first days respectively, or the two tail-end days? :first initial: Sometimes at assemblies brothers are introduced by their first initial and last name. It has been my experience that the style of introduction is adopted consistently throughout a given assembly. Sometimes it is just the last name: `Brother Blunt'; rarely it is the full name: `Brother Heironymous Hoopenpfeffer'; but frequently it is <> ``And now Brother W. Noname will speak to us on ...'' Urk! What kind of a name is `Double-U'? Whenever I hear that, in my head I hear Ed McMahon following the introduction with <> ``And *now* ... heeeeere's *W*!'' :first talk: The occasion of giving one's first talk is frequently a time of great nervousness for the student.[54] A Bible study of mine, a well-educated man who is now an elder, was so nervous when giving his first talk that he dropped his Bible twice. But nervousness quickly fades following the first couple of successful talks.[55] In the USA, and probably elsewhere, when someone gives his first talk ever on the School, it is traditional to render the student a round of applause in commendation for the effort, regardless of the quality. When I gave my own first talk (in 1970), I was still unaware of this, and so was astonished when I found myself applauded, since I didn't think it was *that* great. My moment of glory lasted only until I heard someone else give a first talk, when I realized it was done for everyone. Another brother tells me he was quite disappointed when he gave his second talk, and no one applauded. He hadn't caught on to the routine yet. The custom is a loving gesture that helps new students overcome their inhibitions about getting up to talk about God in front others who already know way more than they do. [54] Not to mention the parents of first-timers. [55] For some elders the only thing they fear is giving a public talk with their fly open. I conducted a whole "Watchtower" that way once. Oops. Fortunately my sartorial sin of omission did not show. :flag salute: A ceremony wherein people render homage to a national image, such as a flag, signifying allegiance to that nation. Scripturally, it constitutes an act of idolatry. <> ``The children of Jehovah's Witnesses have been expelled from school for loyally refusing to participate in flag salute ceremonies.'' (Compare {national anthem}, also {nationalism}.) :flame: A hacker verb meaning to send a hostile message intended to insult, provoke or severely criticize. Of course, true Christians never do this in seriousness or deliberately, but sometimes it happens inadvertently. One place that things can get out of control is when zealous Christians begin engaging in public discussions on public news groups such as USENET's talk.religion.misc. Some persons who participate in these discussions are bigots to begin with, and some are waiting for an opportunity to flame Jehovah's Witnesses. When that happens, it can take considerable restraint to keep things from getting ugly by retaliating. :fleshly: 1. Having to do with things of the flesh. 2. Often necessarily used to distinguish literal relatives from spiritual ones, because we normally refer to spiritually related persons by their fleshly analogues. <> ``My fleshly brother owns a used car lot.'' <> ``My fleshly sister is also a spiritual sister.'' (See {biological relative}.) 3. Having a physical outlook, showing no appreciation for spiritual matters. (1 Co 2:14) <> ``Fleshly thinking leads inevitably to fleshly conduct.'' NOTE: Don't confuse the word `fleshly' with `fleshy'. The latter means `marked by abundant flesh, corpulent (fat)', and is found only four places in the Bible (NW), once in James, and three times in Revelation. :foe: A hostile enemy, or one who opposes on principle. To my ear the word sounds old-fashioned. I believe it is not used much in spoken language any more. In NW the word is found in only seven verses of the Psalms. Remember that the Psalms are poetic writing. But I find it 227 times in my online literature collection. Also, the following sentence appears in [Public Talk Outline #109]: <> ``Jehovah will rescue Kingdom advocates, the King Jesus Christ destroying their foes at Armageddon.'' Fine, but would you get up and use the word `foes' in a talk? Would you use it in daily speech? <> ``Say, Ralph, have you had any hassles from your foes recently?'' Sounds silly, huh? Most people would just say `enemies'. :footnote Bible: Another term for the {reference Bible} because it includes extensive footnotes. :foreign, foreign [language, service, speaking]: From a place or country other than one's own. In the publications of the {Society}, probably because our {world headquarters} is in the USA, anything `foreign' often seems to English readers to be slanted toward using the USA as a reference point. `Foreign service' is used especially in connection with missionary work, for which persons leave their countries of birth to serve elsewhere, although one does not have to be trained at {Gilead} to do this. The person who is `foreign speaking' is a person who is not a native speaker of *your* own language. NOTE: I am assured by persons who regularly read the {literature} in languages others than English that the {Society} is meticulously careful in translating to retain the international flavor, and to avoid giving the impression that things `foreign' refer only to things outside the USA, or that Jehovah's organization is an `American religion'. :former Soviet Union: That big collection of countries in eastern Europe and Asia that used to be referred to as the USSR. Nobody knows what else to call it since it shattered like glass. If the USA were to suddenly break up into 50 countries, how would it be referred to? ``The brothers in that area of North America between Canada and Mexico'', or ``the brothers in Alabama, Arizona ... (and 47 more) and Washington''? And if someone brought greetings from ``the brothers in Kyrgyzstan'', how many people would have a clue where that is?[56] [56] A part of the former Soviet Union that touches the northwest border of China. :fornication: Sex relations outside of marriage. Fornication is a general term that encompasses all forms of immoral sexual acts involving use of the genitals, including sex between two or more unmarried persons, adultery, homosexuality, and bestiality (sexual union between a human and a beast) (Compare {adultery}.) Very sadly, fornication is the most common cause of {disfellowshipping} among Jehovah's Witnesses. This fact bears strong testimony to the indominatability of the sexual drive that our Creator has built into us, and to the perversity of Satan's demons, who manifested their penchant for such acts early in man's history, and who evidently have much to do with planting desires for immoral sex in the minds and hearts of mankind. (See Gen 6:1-4.) :fortunate: See {luck, lucky, fortunate}. :four-letter words: By coincidence almost all of the standard words in American English that are considered profane, blasphemous, obscene vulgar, or swear words, happen to have four letters in them.[57] This vocabulary is notably absent from the speech of Jehovah's Witnesses, even when they are upset or under stress. Witnesses even avoid the use of derivatives such as `darn', `heck', `gosh', and `gee', because these are blatant substitutes for their obvious stronger counterparts. One can attend a whole assembly several days in length surrounded by thousands of people, and never hear even one of these otherwise too familiar words. This is no surprise in view of the inappropriateness and stupidity of such language (Ecc 7:6) and the counsel to Christians found at Col 3:8 and Eph 5:3, 4. In contrast, a popular sentiment in this part of the world is the proverb that states: <> ``Love is a four letter word.'' [57] Perhaps none of the habitual users of these words can count any higher. :free: An improper substitute for the term {without charge} in localities where {literature} is paid for by optional {donation}. The literature is *not* `free'. :free moral agency, free will: The capacity Jehovah built into man to obey him by personal choice, rather than by instinct, as the animals do. <> ``Man could not truly have been created in God's image if he were not a free moral agent.'' [it], volume 1, page 852. :freeness of speech: 1. A scriptural phrase meaning the ability to speak openly about God and his will and purposes. Feelings of shame about this emanate from guilt over sins or a general sense of sin, but if one works hard to cultivate a good relationship and clean conscience toward God, he can speak without inhibition. (1 Ti 3:13) 2. Openness in speaking to God himself in prayer. Again, because Jehovah knows the kind of person we are at heart, a clean conscience is essential in approaching him freely. (1 Jo 3:21) :fresh territory: A piece of {territory} that has not yet begun to be covered since it was most recently checked out. <> ``We are expecting a large turnout for the CO's visit, so we need to set aside some fresh territory for him to use during the week.'' :friend: 1. A generic term for one who is an {associate} among {Jehovah's people}, whether baptized or not, e.g., a {Bible study}; someone who regularly associates with the {congregation}. 2. Someone who subscribes to the friends Internet electronic mail group, so named because of the sense of the first definition. <> ``Are you a friend?'' ``Not yet; what's the address, so I can subscribe?'' NOTE: friends is not a formal organization or club. It is unchartered and self-regulating, i.e., there is no one in charge. It is nothing more than an {email} alias consisting of the Internet addresses of some Witnesses scattered around the world who enjoy chatting informally and sharing experiences with one another electronically. :frowny face: See {emoticon}. :fruit, fruitage: These two words are very similar in meaning, and sometimes interchangeable, but there is a subtle difference. `Fruit' is that which is produced, e.g., what a tree actually bears, but more often used *fig*uratively.[58] <> ``Produce fruit that befits repentance.'' (Mat 3:8) <> ``By their fruits you will recognize them.'' (Mat 7:16) `Fruitage' refers to the condition or process of bearing fruit, including figuratively, or to a quantity of fruit. The most famous example among God's people is <> ``On the other hand, the fruitage of the spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faith, mildness, self-control.'' (Gal 5:22, 23) The individual *fruits* of the spirit are love, joy, peace, etc., but the *fruitage* relates to the degree we cultivate those fruits in our lives.[59] Interestingly, a healthy search failed to find fruitage in several standard dictionaries used in the UK. The conclusion was that it must be an Americanism. It is probably in the "Oxford English Dictionary", however. [58] No pun intended. (Hee hee hee ...) [59] Got it? If you can explain it better, I would love to hear from you. :fuddy-duddy: Old-fashioned or conservative. Not a term in general use in {theocratic} speech, but I use it a few times in this "Glossary" in defining other expressions. Yes, it suggests that the user is making a subjective evaluation of that to which he applies it. You are free to disagree. (Compare {stuffed-shirtedness}.) :fulfill, fulfillment: In connection with prophecy, to convert to reality by the occurrence of some event. <> ``The prophecy of Mic 5:2, which foretells that the Messiah would come from the tiny town of Bethlehem Ephrathah, was fulfilled when Jesus was born there in the year 2 BCE.'' <> ``The Bible's theme, the vindication of Jehovah's sovereignty and the ultimate fulfillment of his purpose for the earth, by means of his Kingdom under Christ, the promised Seed, was wrapped up in the first prophecy concerning `the seed of the woman.''' ([it] volume 1, page 310.) (See also {major fulfillment}, {minor fulfillment}.) :full range: The Society's literature frequently includes exhortations to accept and apply the `full range' of Bible Truth. It refers to the realization that the *whole* Truth, not just the bits and pieces we like and feel like applying, is important to continuing to grow in our relationship with Jehovah, and has impact upon our lives. The sign that a new Christian has matured is the evidence that he has fully accepted that fact of life and is endeavoring to live in harmony with it. :full-time service: Any form of Christian service that occupies the bulk of the servant's time, energy, and resources, including {pioneering}, {special pioneering}, {missionary service}, {Bethel service}, {circuit work}, and {district work}. :Fundamentalism, Fundamentalists: The {Protestant} religious movement that teaches that the Bible is literally true. Whereas loyal devotion to the truthfulness of God's word is a commendable thing, accurate knowledge is likewise important. Fundamentalists overlook the Bible's use of figurative and prophetic language, and thereby make many mistakes in their understanding of basic Bible doctrine, and in the process undermine confidence in the truth of the Bible. Otherwise, Fundamentalists differ little in their beliefs from other mainstream sects of Christendom. Fundamentalists are often more vocal about their beliefs than most Protestants. Because Jehovah's Witnesses base all their religious beliefs entirely on the Bible, and because they preach to others about what they believe, misinformed people sometimes make the mistake of saying we are a Fundamentalist sect. We are not. We have nothing whatever to do with Protestantism, nor with any other *-ism*, for that matter. [Another instance of the effort to be unique, as instanced before by claiming not to be a religion. Most fundamentalists would be shocked and puzzled to learn that they overlook the figurative and prophetic language of the Bible; concentration on the latter is, forsooth, one of the most prominent faces of Fundamentalism. Another strawman. -ed] :FYI: Hacker acronym meaning `for your information'. === G === :gathering, get-together: A social {association} for the purpose of recreation, a euphemism for `party'. `Gathering' has come to have a special flavor in the minds of Witnesses. It usually implies an occasion where at least two entire families and others are invited, in addition to the host(s), and where a whole meal, frequently contributed by those attending, or at least refreshments, are provided. It brings to mind an occasion where special attention has been given to include the elderly, the needy, and others who might sometimes tend to be left out, rather than just one's frequent companions. An evening where a single brother has a couple of buddies over to watch a playoff game on TV and drink a couple of beers might constitute acceptable Christian recreation, but the scenario would not likely be thought of as a typical gathering. :gay: Misleading but {politically correct} euphemism for homosexual. A few readers whose first language is not English may not realize that until just 25 years ago, the word meant `happily excited', `bright', or `lively', and bore no unwholesome connotations. Those times are behind us. Nowadays the word is rarely used in any other way than to designate those whose `sexual orientation' (urp, slop) is to diddle members of the same sex. Interestingly, my online dictionary adds the definition `given to social pleasures; licentious (lacking moral restraint especially in sexual matters)'. :GB: Acronym for the {Governing Body}. :Gentile times: The term used in the {King James} and Revised Standard English translations, and the commonly used term for what Jesus called ``the appointed times of the nations''. (Luk 21:24 NW) :gestures: Physical body motions used to flavor speech. Effective gesturing is considered important enough as a speech quality to be covered as a separate counsel point in the School. ("Guide" book [sg] Study 26B.) :get-together: See {gathering}. :Gilead School: Our school that trains missionaries for {foreign service}. The school's full name is Watchtower Bible School of Gilead. It was originally called Watchtower Bible College of Gilead. :go where [I, you] belong: This expression is used in reference to attending the congregation whose territory boundaries one lives within. However, the phrase can convey a sense of unwelcomeness contrary to usual Christian hospitality. In 1991 the Kingdom Ministry in the USA recommended, for good reasons, that families living outside the boundaries of the territory assigned to their congregations give serious thought to changing congregations. This led to a massive migration, particularly in dense urban areas where congregations are close together and there is a lot of overlap. Before the moving around started one sister was heard to say: <> ``Are you going to be one of the *loyal* ones and go where you belong?'' Them's fightin' words, lady! Some people were moved to ask whether it was more important to belong where you go than to go where you belong. Eventually everything worked out just fine, as they always do in Jehovah's organization. :goal, personal goal: An objective that is striven for, particularly in theocratic service. We are encouraged to set spiritual goals for ourselves. One might have a long-range goal to enter Gilead service. But along the way many personal goals must be accomplished: establishing a good study schedule, acquiring a willingness to live in lowly circumstances, learning to be comfortable in dealing with people of a different background, becoming a regular pioneer and sticking with it for several years, and so forth. :goat: In Jesus' illustration of the sheep and the goats at Mat 25:31-46 the goats represent those who refuse to do good to his brothers. The image is fulfilled by those today who reject the Kingdom message as preached by all of Jehovah's people. Rather than allowing Jesus to make the judgement, some people take it unto themselves to attribute goatlike characteristics to persons who have given them a hard time at the last door. (Though rarely in seriousness.) <> ``That last goat said `Beat it! And don't ba-a-a-a-a-a-ather to come ba-a-ack!'''[60] Sometimes the forms `goatlike', `goatish', `goaty', and `goatiest' are heard. Some persons use the term like some persons in the world say `butthead' (not a very polite term), or `jerk' (also not exactly a compliment). [60] ``Ba-a-a-a'' is a sound that is usually attributed to a sheep, but only a shepherd would know the difference. :good: This word has many definitions, and surely every reader of this "Glossary" knows what they are. The reason it is included here is to remind us that it is an *adjective*, not an *adverb*. The adverbial counterpart is `well'. It is grossly common to hear a School overseer say <> ``You did good on your point of counsel,'' rather than `did well'. Ugh! The problem may exist because when a student does well on a counsel point, his counsel slip is marked with a letter G for `good'. :good news: Short for {Kingdom good news}. :good people: People whose conduct and lives generally conform to Bible principles, but who do not claim to be Christians. We often sigh over these because the Bible clearly shows that at {Armageddon} only those who take a stand on the side of the Truth will survive to live in God's {New Order}. Often people put {finger quotes} around the phrase. <> ``There are many `good people' in this world who do not yet appreciate the significance of the good news.'' :good standing: The status of being accorded full acceptance by the congregation, irreprehensible, not disorderly or presently under charge of wrongdoing, not having {restricted} {privileges}. A person in good standing is generally viewed as loyal and obedient. However, compare {exemplary}. :goody night: A night designated for enjoyment of association and refreshments following a {Congregation Book Study} meeting, when that meeting is held in private homes. Goody nights are rarely held by book study groups that meet at the Kingdom Hall for obvious logistical reasons. Such occasions are entirely unofficial, but widely endorsed because of the benefits of spending time with our brothers. (Rom 1:12) One common routine is to label one night a month as goody night such as the last meeting of the month. Attendees bring snacks and drinks. Sometimes the conversation can be stimulating. When I was brand new in the Truth, not even baptized, we had a book study in our apartment in New York. The attendees were almost all young, mostly Bethelites. We put on a pot of coffee after every meeting. People rarely left before 10:00 PM. :Gospel, synoptic Gospel: Literally `good news', namely the news that Jesus Christ is God's appointed {Messiah}, and that the {Kingdom of God} is now established and in operation. The Bible books Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which deal with the life of Jesus, are called *synoptic* Gospels, meaning that they each tell the same history from a slightly different viewpoint. :Governing Body: The body of {anointed} Christian men that serves as the mouthpiece of the {faithful and discreet slave}, providing direction in matters of Bible teaching, organization, and all matters of concern to modern Christians. The term is not found in the Bible, but the function is. An examination of the Bible account indicates that the fledgling Christian organization had a body of men who had authority to make decisions affecting Christians everywhere. (Acts 15) At that time those decisions were being made by the apostles and other older men in the congregation in Jerusalem. Today that body consists of about a dozen spirit-anointed men who reside at Brooklyn Bethel. NOTE: The {GB} is *not* `head' over the faithful and discreet slave any more than a literal mouth is the whole head of a body. (See [w93 12/15], page 22, par. 22.) The diagram in the style of a business organization chart that follows is an imitation of the one in [w77] on page 16. Notice that the Governing Body box is a cutout section at the bottom of the Faithful and Discreet Slave Class box, not a separate box *above* it. NOTE for ASCII Version: 86-character width needed to see this without wrapping): -------------------- | Jehovah God | -------------------- | Jesus Christ | ---------------- | ------------------------------------- | Faithful and Discreet Slave Class | | | | ------------------ | ----------------| | Governing Body | |----------------- | ------------------------------------- | | | | | | | -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- | Chairman's | | Writing | | Teaching | | Service | | Publishing | | Personnel | | Committee | | Committee | | Committee | | Committee | | Committee | | Committee | -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- [The diagram describes how the GB like to be seen, not how things work in practice. Also, the nature of the line between Heaven and the F&DS class, is extrememly difficult to determine. -ed] :grace [obs]: Used religiously `grace' is Christendom's equivalent to the expression `undeserved kindness' as found in the {NWT}. It is used throughout Paul's letter to the Romans. (See especially Rom 3:23.) It refers to God's extending of unmerited favor toward mankind so they might come to enjoy a sanctified peaceful relationship with him. Because the language of Jehovah's people is so laced with terminology from the NWT, equivalent expressions from other translations, such as `grace', have become virtual {archaisms} to us. :grand: Primary, highest in importance, lofty. The literature often speaks of Jehovah's grand purposes. ``Jehovah's works are greater, grander, more majestic, than any human could even imagine.'' [w92 12/15] And the NWT itself speaks of Jehovah as `Grand Maker', `Grand Creator', `Grand Instructor', and `Grand One'.[61] In these contexts it is certainly appropriate. However, grand is a borderline {fuddy-duddy} term when used in everyday speech, especially in exclamations like <> ``That's just grand!'', where it seems to lose its meaning. [61] Always in {Capital Letters}, of course. :great crowd: Christians of the {other sheep} living in our time who will survive the {great tribulation}. (Rev 7:9, Joh 10:16, Mat 24:21) NOTE: Some people say they are of the great crowd when they really mean they are of the other sheep. Although they may ultimately come to be a part of the great crowd, considering that this group is formed by those who survive the {great tribulation}, and because any person could die between now and then, it is technically premature for any person to presume that he personally will be a survivor. <> ``Are you one of the anointed?'' ``No, I am one of the great crowd.'' *Not!* (Yet.) However, a recent "Watchtower" urged us not to be too picky about the precise terminology others use in this case. :great tribulation: The series of events that culminates in God's war of Armageddon and the abyssing of Satan. (Mat 24:21) :Greek scriptures: The portion of the Bible written originally in the Greek language, namely the books from Matthew[62] to Revelation. Christendom refers to this portion of the Bible by the misnomer {New Testament}. [62] Matthew apparently wrote his Gospel originally in Hebrew and later translated it into Greek. (See [si], page 176.) :grievous: Causing grief or sorrow. This word is pronounced `GREEV-us', not `GREE-vee-us'. There are only two syllables in the word. This mispronunciation seems to be the exclusive domain of Jehovah's Witnesses. :group witnessing: Preaching and teaching activity that Christians do in connection with the schedules set by the {body of elders} for the congregation. <> ``Tomorrow I will be going straight to my Bible study early in the morning, and so will not participate in group witnessing.'' :growth: Synonym for {increase}. <> ``The growth in the former Soviet Union since the breakup has been unprecedented.'' :Guide, Guidebook: Short for the publication "Theocratic Ministry School Guidebook". <> ``As it says in the "Guide", the key to giving good talks is careful advance preparation.'' === H === :hacker: A person who enjoys using computers more than ordinary users who use them just to get work done. <> ``Hackers spend time actively looking for new ways to use computers.'' Because computers are immensely useful in accomplishing many different kinds of necessary work, this pursuit is not altogether a waste of precious time, even for busy Christians, as some persons think. :Hades: {Transliteration} of the Greek equivalent of {Sheol}, meaning the common grave of mankind. (See more at {hell}.) :haircut: Most brothers wear their hair fairly short, especially if they hope to be assigned special privileges of responsibility in the congregation. This issue falls into the same category as {beards}, {moustaches}, and other matters concerned with {dress and grooming}. <> ``Because my wife is a hair dresser, the week before every assembly or CO visit our kitchen fills with brothers getting haircuts.'' :Hall: 1. Short for Kingdom Hall. <> ``Oops, I left my Bible at the Hall.'' 2. Informal substitute for `congregation', regardless of how many congregations meet in the building. <> ``The friends from your Hall can meet for service in the front, and our Hall will meet in the library.'' Obviously these are two congregations that occupy the same Kingdom Hall, making this a careless use of the term `Hall'. This is another one of those you-know-what-I-mean expressions. :hands: The presence or absence of volunteers to comment as meeting, as indicated by the raising of their hands to be called on. <> ``Do you ever have to deal with a lack of hands at your meetings?'' The questioner is asking if people are reticent to comment. <> ``We have only two paragraphs left, so I'm looking for new hands.'' :happify: Literally to make happy. It is a {fuddy-duddy} term used mainly by older brothers and by younger brothers attempting to sound like older brothers. I found forms of the word 21 times in my online literature collection. <> ``The application of Christ's ransom will lead to the happification of mankind.'' Gak! A nice thought, but sadifyingly stated. :happinesses: The nine initial declarations Jesus made in his Sermon on the Mount that each begin ``Happy are ...'' (Mat 5:3-11) (Compare {beatitudes}.) :Har-Mageddon: {Transliteration} of the word for God's great final war as found at Rev 16:16 in {NW}, commonly known outside the Truth as {Armageddon}. :hard copy: A hacker term referring to a copy of some piece of computer-generated literature printed on paper. Persons who use computers full time do much reading of computer-produced material directly from a computer terminal, rather than printing it out first. Thus when sharing computer-based information with someone else, the default assumption is that the other person will want an electronic copy if possible. If a printed copy is desired, this must be specified. <> ``I don't have those experiences told at the Bethel table online, so I will send you a hard copy someone gave me, which you may photocopy and pass around.'' :harmony: A pleasing or congruent arrangement of parts. Something observed at the meetings of Jehovah's Witnesses, except during the singing of songs. <> ``The modern day elder arrangement is in harmony with the organization of the first century congregation.'' :hate: 1. Dislike to an extent that calls for utter rejection, loathing, and contempt. Persons who have heard that God is love and that Christians are obligated to love even their enemies may find it difficult to reconcile the idea that God could ever hate anyone or anything. (1 Jo 4:8, Mat 5:44) However, the Bible shows that Jehovah hates all forms of wickedness, and requires his servants to cultivate the same attitude. (See Pro 6:16-19, Psa 139:21, 22, Psa 97:10.) 2. The Bible uses `hate' in a relative sense, meaning to love less. (Luk 14:26) However, in ordinary conversation we do not go around saying things like <> ``In order to serve Jehovah acceptably you must hate your mother!'' without surrounding the statement with a lot of explanation. Under normal circumstances it is just as simple to say <> ``We must love Jesus and Jehovah even more than our own family members.'' :hath [obs]: See {common archaisms}. :HBH: Acronym for {home but hiding}. :head covering: A garment such as a hat or scarf, worn by {sisters} when they must act in a capacity normally handled by brothers. <> ``At times small congregations may be composed entirely of sisters. When such is the case, a sister who prays or conducts meetings does so with [her] head properly covered.'' (See [om], page 77, 1 Co 11:3-16) :head, headship: The principle recorded at 1 Co 11:3 that outlines the chain of authority within Jehovah's organization.[63] The headship principle is the cornerstone upon which all theocratic order is founded. From the headship principle we learn that no living intelligent creature other than Jehovah himself is independent and without need to recognize a head, i.e., a ruling chief. It shows us that ultimately each living intelligent creature is accountable to God. The principle of headship is not popular in this world, where the spirit of independence has become pervasive. (See Eph 2:2.) <> ``Recognition of [Jesus'] headship over the Christian congregation is ... necessary and it is important to observe, in a relative sense, the principle of subjection in other areas of life.'' (See [om], page 12.) [63] In a worldly organization it would be called `the pecking order'. :headquarters, world headquarters: The location of the central offices of {Jehovah's Witnesses}. These are located in Brooklyn, NY, USA. The branch offices all over the world work under the direction of the {world headquarters}. :health fads: New unstandard health practices. Some people act as though they have two religions: the worship of Jehovah, and a fetishistic devotion to some newfound health regimen. The second religion generally doesn't do anything more for them than Catholicism. Such schemes abound. There are health improvement methods that emphasize diet, vitamins, herbs, exercise, physical therapy, and psychological counseling, and some that appear to most persons to be far-fetched. <> ``Brother and Sister Tubalard have invited us to their seminar `Weight Loss Through the Interpolation of Seismic Energies.''' Some have gotten sufficiently carried away by such practices that the Society has had to publish warnings against placing too much emphasis on physical health, while ignoring matters of spiritual health. (See the articles "``Good Health to You!''" and "``Good Health'' and Christian Reasonableness", [w82 6/15].) Some practices that work by irrational and unexplainable means need to be examined for the possibility of demon influence. NOTE: The Society frequently publishes information about new health practices, but always with the caveat: ``It is not the policy of "Awake!" to underwrite any treatment. We encourage all to look circumspectly at ... different avenues in the treatment of [any] disease.'' ([g94 4/89], page 10.) :heavenly hope: The expectations for future life entertained by persons whom God's spirit has begotten as {spiritual Israelites}. (Gal 6:16) They have been moved by God to believe that they will die as humans on the earth and be raised to serve as kings and priests in the heavenly Kingdom of Jehovah under Jesus, to continue serving and living there forever. <> ``On earth today there are about 8,000 persons claiming to have heavenly hopes.''[64] [64] I wonder how many of us privately believe that number is inflated above the true number of anointed on the earth due to the probable existence of unworthy {partakers}? :heaving sighs: Making the sound ``Hhhhhhhhhhhh''. This is always an overt expression of consternation, usually aimed directly against another person. (See Jam 5:9.) <> ``When his wife's first word of the day is `Hhhhhhhhhhhh' instead of `Good morning!', he knows he's in for a tough day.''[65] [65] Does the term `season in hell' mean anything to you? :heavy metal: A style of rock and roll music characterized by extremes of every kind, including overt promotion of {Satanism}. Young people are particularly prone to be influenced by it. (See the article "Satanism's Handmaidens --- Drugs and Heavy-Metal Music" in [g94 9/22].) :Hebrew scriptures: The portion of the Bible written originally almost entirely in the Hebrew language, except for a few brief portions in Aramaic, namely the books from Genesis to Malachi. Christendom refers to this portion of the Bible by the misnomer {Old Testament}. <> ``Jesus resisted Satan's temptations by quoting three times from the Hebrew scriptures.'' (Mat 4:3-10) :hell: 1. The word used to translate the Hebrew word {Sheol} and the Greek word {Hades} in some Bible translations. Hell has a fearful reputation in Christendom as a place of eternal torment, contrary to what the Bible teaches about it. It is because of the strong association people attach to this word that the translators of the NWT have chosen to transliterate the word and let the Bible's use of it define it. 2. Because of its unsavory reputation, hell has come to be a word commonly used in profanity. One sister cautiously described her territory saying <> ``Winter here is basically H E double toothpicks!'' Because of Christendom's hellfire teaching, the commoner simile is to compare it to extreme heat, rather than extreme cold, but any conditions producing great misery usually qualify. (Compare {four-letter words}.) :hellfire: The demonic religious teaching that after death wicked souls go to a place of eternal fiery torment and horror, from which they have no hope of escaping. Following a famous debate on the issue Pastor Russell was approached by a clergyman in attendance who said: ``I am glad to see you turn the hose on hell and put out the fire.'' The belief is no longer as strong as it once was, though it still has its strong adherents among some {Fundamentalists}. (See [jv] pages 128-30, also {Hades}, {hell}, and {damnation}.) :helps us to appreciate: A much overused clich'e used as a transition to an application, meaning the thing spoken of illustrates, demonstrates, or otherwise illuminates some point. <> ``So this scripture helps us to appreciate that Jehovah is good.'' Any number of phrases could be substituted extemporaneously. :henchman: A follower who gives support primarily for personal advantage. The word is similar to {crony}, and like it always seems to be used in a negative context, in the plural, and may be nearing obsolescence. I even found the two words together in one sentence: <> ``... the former president's crooked cronies and henchmen.'' [w91 10/1] Also found in my online literature base were <> ``the pope's henchmen'', ``Hitler and his henchmen'', ``the Devil's religious henchmen'', ``false religion and its political patrons and henchmen'', ```Reverend' Jones and his henchmen'', and a few other notorious examples. :high time: Direly urgent, necessary, requiring action. This expression was found 21 times in my online literature base. The phrase conveys a sense of impatience. <> ``Instead of speculating on the exact day and hour for [Christ's Millenium] to come, it is now high time to take in knowledge of God's requirements for survival.'' [w90 6/1] One can almost imagine a speaker conveying it with such fervor that he pounds his fist on the table for emphasis. <> ``I'm [thunk] *tired* of all this lollygagging about, and I say it's [thunk] *high* [thunk] *time* we do something about it!'' :higher education: Formally acquired learning beyond the minimum required by law. (See more at {education}.) How `high' it *goes* (the amount), how high it *is* (its worth), and how *necessary* it is, are matters for personal evaluation. This has been a subject that has provoked strong opinions in both extremes among Jehovah's people. Discussing it further here is beyond the scope of this "Glossary", and would be about as productive as poking a pit bull with a stick. :holiday, worldly holiday: The word `holiday' literally means *holy* day. The only day Christians are commanded to observe as special is the annual {Memorial} of Christ's death. Special days vary in different parts of the world. In the USA the six standard national holidays, on which most businesses are closed and people are off work, are: New Year's Day (January 1st); Memorial Day (last Monday in May); Independence Day (July 4th); Labor Day (first Monday in September); Thanksgiving (fourth Thursday in November); Christmas (December 25th). Some places also grant Good Friday (the Friday before Easter Sunday), and others substitute a personal holiday, to be taken anytime during the year. Because such days, whether religious or secular, are not of divine origin, and thus not obligatory upon Christians, they are rightly regarded by them as worldly.[66] The qualifier says in one word ``Although the day is nationally observed, we don't ourselves believe there is anything holy or special about it.'' <> ``Since December 25th is a worldly holiday and many people are likely to be home, there will be a special meeting for field service that morning.'' [66] However, we are happy to accept a day's pay for staying away from work, or double for showing up, if that is the arrangement our employer offers! :home Bible study: Fuller and more official phrase for {Bible study}. The term is used because most studies are conducted in the homes of interested persons. However, many are conducted in other places when appropriate, e.g., at work or school during lunch break, at the Kingdom Hall, even in prisons.[67] [67] But I guess that's a sort of home, too. :home but hiding: An expression used to describe a {call} where someone is obviously home but has chosen not to answer the door. Sometimes we know someone is home because we catch them peeking out from behind a curtain. Most persons simply write off such calls as {not-interesteds}, though some will mark them down as {not-at-homes}. :hope: True hope is trustful expectation based on strong {faith} and evidence. What the world perceives as hope is really hopelessness. <> ``Do you believe that world conditions will ever get any better?'' ``I certainly hope so.'' No he certainly does *not*. He *wishes* they will, but sees no evidence to found that hope on, and is ignorant of God's promises for the future, so his hope is very weak or nonexistent. :hopefully: Adverbial form of hopeful, meaning literally `in a manner that is full of hope'. Of course, Jehovah has caused his people to be the most hopeful people living. (Psa 37:9, Psa 145:15, Rom 15:13) However, `hopefully' is often badly misused at the beginning of sentences. <> ``Hopefully, I will learn to speak English properly.'' This sentence, taken literally, can be interpreted to mean ``I will learn to speak proper English in a manner characterized by hope''. It is a noble thought, but the speaker probably meant to convey the wish <> ``I *hope* that I will learn to speak English properly.'' So do the rest of us, so we can understand him when he tells us about something important, such as God's promises for the future. :horse collar: Term allegedly used by Brother Rutherford[68] to describe the distinctive garb of Christendom's clergy. <> ``Those horse collared hypocrites ...'' (Compare {flame}.) [68] Second president of the Watchtower Society. :Hospital Liaison Committee: Brothers assigned to help defend the legal rights of Witnesses who must go into the hospital. Special emphasis on how to deal with medical and official official personnel on the {blood issue} is included in their training. <> ``When Sister Splat was in an automobile accident, all the brothers from the Hospital Liaison Committee converged on the hospital within an hour.'' :hospitality: 1. Generous and cordial reception of guests. 2. An arrangement found in many congregations in these parts to thank public speakers. Usually some family either takes the speaker and his family to a restaurant or has them over to their home for a meal and to visit. Sometimes this kindness is limited to those who visit from other congregations, especially those who have to travel a long distance, but in our congregation it has come to be extended to local brothers. This is not a Society sanctioned provision, but is widely practiced, and is certainly appreciated by those families to whom it is shown. <> ``We won't join the group for service after the meeting Sunday because we have hospitality.'' (Compare Rom 12:13.) :hour talk [obs]: Former term for a {public talk}. They used to be 55 minutes, plus five minutes for song and prayer. When they were shortened to 45 minutes, this term became obsolete, though some people still use it, thereby giving evidence that they have been around for a while. <> ``Brother Bigwind ran overtime on his hour talk; it was 50 minutes long.'' :hours: The hours in service spent and reported by a publisher. <> ``I want to get out in midweek for a while because I need to get my hours up.'' (A dubious motive.) For caveats, see {time}. :house-over-house, door-over-door: A method of {door-to-door} {public witnessing} where teams of two to four people work leapfrog style, moving the same direction down the street, taking the next house available. <> ``We'll work house-over-house with the teenagers this morning so we can keep a closer eye on them.'' Sometimes people just say `house-over'. In United Kingdom, it is common to say door-over-door, a more generic way of describing the work: not everybody lives in a house. NOTE: Most persons recognize that the coverage technique of starting at opposite ends of a stretch of {territory} and converging is usually preferable to working house-over-house. However, there are occasions where house-over-house is useful, such as when the territory's layout is complicated or homes are widespread, or when there is a need to stick close together, as in working with children or in dangerous territory. :house-to-house: See {door-to-door}. :house-to-house record: The S-8 form, used mostly to record {not-at-homes} and other pertinent field service data. Some people use them to record interest found, and transfer them directly to their {call books}. Sometimes it is called a `not-at-home record'. :householder: 1. A person found at home in the preaching work. <> ``The householder at the last door contributed to the worldwide work.'' 2. The sister who assists another sister in a {Theocratic Ministry School} {presentation}, whether she acts the part of a non-Witness or not. <> ``You are assigned to be my householder for the talk I am giving next week, and the setting I am using is `two sisters preparing for field service.''' This is technically a misuse of the word. It has come to be accepted because so many {School} presentations use field {settings}. The term is used for field settings even when the partner is not at home, e.g., waiting for a bus or at work. Note that the S-89 form labels this person as `Assistant', not `Householder'. 3. The person, male or female, who acts the part of a person being witnessed to, in a field {demonstration} such as is presented at the {Service Meeting}. :humor, laughter: Humor is that which is comical, amusing, or appealing to one's sense of the ludicrous or incongruous. The reaction to humor is often laughter. Persons who have studied humor have noticed how often things that strike people as funny have a negative side to them, e.g., the misfortunes of others. If laughing at such matters were forbidden, about all that would be left to laugh at would be cute kittens playing with a ball of yarn. If it were not a natural thing to laugh at the ridiculousness of ourselves and others, we would become depressed, and many would be moved to express the feelings that provoke laughter via destructive behaviors. So laughter appears to be a natural mechanism for relieving stress. Laughing at some circumstances rather than worrying about them seems to have a beneficial effect on the psyche. Some have said it is almost the same as crying. This observation enforces the notion that humor is a deep subject, and emanates from a complex combination of emotions. Humor is therefore by nature sometimes a little raw, as this "Glossary" surely demonstrates. NOTE: On occasion humorists, especially professional comedians, push the limits of propriety, and often overstep the bounds. There are also appropriate and inappropriate occasions for laughter. (Ecc 3:4) But the best humor seems to be that which arises spontaneously, like a cool breeze on a hot day, and then fades away and is quickly forgotten. :hymn: A song of praise to God, frequently frequently at religious meetings. {Kingdom songs} certainly fit that description, but we don't call them hymns. This word belongs entirely to {Babylon}. [More attempts at differentiation - the WTS has never said exactly what about the word 'hymn' is Babylonish -ed] === I === :illustration: A means of teaching or communicating an idea by a verbal picture or comparison. There are many types of illustration, e.g., metaphors <> ``Come, you people, and let us go up to the mountain of Jehovah'' (Isa 2:3), similies <> ``The kingdom of the heavens is like a mustard grain'' (Mat 13:31), proverbial sayings <> ``You will certainly become like one lying down in the heart of the sea, even like one lying down at the top of a mast.'' (Pro 23:34), allegorical stories <> ``Jesus' illustration of the prodigal son ...'', hyperbole <> ``It is easier for a camel to get through a needle's eye ...'', and life experiences. The Bible says that Jesus would not speak without an illustration. (Mat 13:34) Illustrations are such an important part of teaching that an entire chapter of the "School Guide" is devoted to their use. ([sg] chapter 34) NOTE: The purpose of an illustration is to create memorable mental pictures that help to drive home scriptural points. No illustration matches the reality it illustrates perfectly. For instance, Jesus compared Christians to sheep. In some ways this is true, but sheep are also stupid. Jesus did not mean that Christians are stupid. If Christians were *exactly* like sheep in every respect, then they would actually *be* sheep, instead of being *like* sheep, and Jesus' comparison would no longer be an illustration. :immoral, immorality: Immorality can refer to any act of conduct that is contrary to Jehovah's standards, e.g., murder, lying, or stealing. It is most commonly heard as a euphemism for *sexual* immorality. Some people are squeamish about saying the word `sexual'. <> ``Last year 35,000 people were disfellowshipped from Jehovah's organization for immorality.'' Actually, the *only* reason for disfellowshipping is immorality, in the general sense, but here speaker is talking about cases of sexual misconduct. NOTE: The adjective immoral has a judgemental flavor. Persons should be discreet about what context they use it in. :immortal, immortality: A quality of life possessed originally only by Jehovah himself, later also granted to Jesus and his 144,000 Kingdom corulers upon resurrection to heavenly life. It refers to life that cannot decay or be corrupted, and is imperishable. This is different from the reward of {everlasting life} granted to faithful humans at the end of the {Millenium}, who, like the faithful angels in heaven, remain {mortal}, though they will continue to live forever. :IMO, IMHO: Hacker acronym for `in my opinion', `in my [humble, honest] opinion' respectively. <> ``IMHO midwestern Protestantism will kill a person just as surely as a steady diet of ice cream; it is sweet and easy to consume, and will go straight to the heart, eventually choking the life out of a person.'' :imperfect, imperfection: Variations of the expression <> ``We're all imperfect'' appear frequently in the everyday speech of many of Jehovah's Witnesses. It is used as a high-level explanation of why people do wrong things or have problems in their personal relationships, without getting to the specifics of any particular matter. The entire human family inherited the condition of imperfection from our original parents Adam and Eve. Pointing this out has become a clich'e; it explains nothing, and offers no special insight, comfort, or wisdom to solve a problem. To persons even superficially educated in the Bible's teachings, the idea is a truism. It is like saying ``The future lies before us.'' Duh. Where else would it lie? :in harmony with: A clich'e meaning in agreement, in accord, or consistent with. It is not a bad expression, but can be overused. A check of my online literature base found the expression `in harmony' 435 times. :in [regard, regards] to: `*In* regard to' is an *illiterate* expression much-overused by some persons as a substitute for the more acceptable form `*with* regard to'. When properly used, it is a connective expression to draw the listener's attention to something. <> ``With regard to our field reports this month, don't forget to include your Bible study reports.'' Synonymous expressions are `in relation to' and `with respect to'. Even more illiterate is the form `in regard* s* to' (plural). `Regards' is a word used to convey a favorable or friendly feeling toward someone or something, as in <> ``Give your husband my regards.'' Still more illiterate is the form `in regarding to', which is meaningless as far as I can determine, but is sometimes heard. :in the Truth: The state of being a dedicated, baptized servant of Jehovah. <> ``How long have you been in the Truth?'' <> ``I have no fleshly relatives who are in the Truth.'' (See also {Truth}.) NOTE: The phrase does not intend to imply anything about how well a person might be doing in the Truth. <> ``So you've been in the Truth for ten years, huh? But how long has the Truth been in you?'' (An admittedly cheeky question.) :inactive publisher: Any {publisher} who has not reported field activity for a period of six or more consecutive months is considered inactive by the {Society}. Any person who fails to report is not counted as one of {Jehovah's Witnesses} in the numbers published by the Society. (Compare {active publisher} and {regular publisher}.) :incidental witnessing [obs]: Former term for what is now called {informal witnessing}. It was changed to `informal' because there is nothing incidental (minor or unimportant) about it. Many persons have gotten started in the {Truth} as a result of it. (Compare Joh 4:6-30.) :increase: Growth in number, size, or quality. Most often it is used in reference to the expansion of the preaching work, in which case it means more publishers, i.e., what the Society counts. (Compare Act 16:5.) <> ``Although our congregation has had little increase the past several years, it has continued to get stronger.'' :Index: Short for "Watchtower Publications Index", a key to finding Bible answers to questions. We are all encouraged to acquire and use the indexes frequently. Jehovah's Witnesses do not throw away their {magazines} after reading them, but store them. Every Witness maintains a personal library of the Society's publications, including as many years of magazines in {bound volumes} or binders as he can get. The Society periodically releases indexes covering scriptural references and topics discussed from everything published during in the most recent years. Less frequently larger indexes are published that combine many years together under a hard cover. NOTE: The Society is fully aware of what it has published in the past on any given topic. The "Index" lists references in reverse chronological order. In case of conflict the most recent information supersedes whatever has preceded it. New information is considered as correction rather than conflict or contradiction. Sometimes a paragraph explicitly includes words to the effect ``This information updates our previous understanding.'' :informal witness: {Witnessing} done spontaneously, without prior notice, as occasion allows, as distinct from the various forms of planned witnessing. <> ``When my teacher asked me what I was planning to do over Christmas vacation, I used the opportunity to give an informal witness.'' :information board: A bulletin board. Most Kingdom Halls have some kind of bulletin board on which to hang schedules, letters from the {Society}, and other authorized printed matter. Although the common term for these is `bulletin board', the Society consistently uses the term `information board'. <> ``The Society says that we should not place personal announcements, messages, or thank-you cards on the information board.'' In United Kingdom, this board is called the `notice board'. :ink pen: Silly, redundant phrase, evidencing hickish illiteracy. <> ``So I got me out my ink pen and writ down his *ad*dress.'' All writing pens have ink in them. Just say `pen'. One reviewer informs me that some people use the phrase to specify a fountain pen. Most of the persons I have heard use the term have probably never seen a fountain pen. :inspiration, inspired: 1. A condition of being moved by or produced by the direction of Jehovah's holy spirit. (See 1 Ti 3:16.) <> ``Even though men today accurately quote, teach, and write about God's Word, no one in Jehovah's organization claims to be inspired in the same sense that the prophets and Bible writers were.'' 2. A commoner use of the term is figurative, as when an artist or musician claims to have been inspired during the creation of some work, meaning he was surpassingly motivated, as though influenced by a higher power. Christians will occasionally indulge in this usage as well, but usually with appropriate caveats and the addition of {finger quotes}. 3. For some `inspiration' suggests a highly emotional experience. Thus: STORY: Once, upon returning from an assembly, a man I worked for asked me if I found it inspiring. I knew the man regarded religion essentially as an emotional trip. So I told him ``No''. Because he knew me to be an enthusiastic and loyal Witness, this answer caught him off guard. He just stared at me as though I had obviously given him the incorrect answer to a query as simple as ``Which way is up?'', perhaps thinking I had misunderstood the question. Finally I continued, ``However, I found it highly informative and educational.'' His response was ``... [long pause] ... Oh.'' Soon after that this man `found the LORD' at the North Phoenix Baptist Church,[69] and was intolerable to be around thereafter for the rest of my acquaintance with him. He had apparently been *properly* inspired. [69] Sitting in a pew, no doubt. Where did I go wrong? NPBC is one of the biggest megachurches, with about 10,000 members who are drawn by a charismatic preacher I refer to as the John Madden of the pulpit because of the way he struts around and waves his arms when he preaches. :instruction talk: The first talk given on the {Theocratic Ministry School} program, also sometimes called the {number one talk}. :interfaith: Pertaining to mixing practices of different religious groups, with the laughable object of achieving unity and mutual understanding. Jehovah utterly condemns interfaith worship. (See Deu 12:30, 31.) All that is achieved by such misguided efforts is a compromising and pollution of the truth.[70] But if one believes his religion is true, why would he be willing to contaminate it with falsehoods? If he does *not* believe his religion is the Truth, then why does he bother with it? <> ``Let's have an interfaith service. You believe God is three in one, I believe he is one, so let's split the difference and call him two.'' [70] Assuming there was some there to start with. :interlinear: An interlinear translation of the Bible is one that is printed simultaneously in two languages. The original Hebrew or Greek appears with a literal word-by-word rendition in English or some other language written directly underneath the original. In most cases a fully rendered translation is printed running alongside in a column to the right. Such a tool is an excellent aid to gaining insights into the meaning and flavor of the original language for Bible language novices and scholars alike. The most familiar example is our own publication "The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures", often referred to as `the Interlinear'. The Society has not yet provided us with an interlinear of the Hebrew text.[71] [71] And probably never will on this side of Armageddon. :interlude [obs]: In years past the singing of songs at meetings followed the structure: introduction (usually a minor variation of the last line or phrase); all but the last verse; a short musical interruption much like the introduction that was not sung; final verse. The interruption between the last two verses was called an interlude. When the latest songbook and recordings were published, the interludes were dropped. An introduction is still necessary, however, to allow people time to get on their feet, find the song, and especially to set the pitch. :international convention: See {convention}. :Internet: The world's largest computer network, connecting hundreds of thousands of computers and millions of users. The communications of {friends} takes place over the Internet. :inverted word order: <> ``This paragraph some examples contains of a problem that annoying and significant I find. If creates ever the Society another songbook, I hope that is made significant effort the lyrics of new songs to write and the the lyrics of old songs to rewrite so as the archaic practice of inverting word order to make a rhyme to avoid.'' Not that we should be guided by the standards of modern music lyricists.[72] But speaking as a former musician, songwriter, and one who spent twenty years preparing music for publication I have observed that about the only places the technique is found is in some religious music :-( and in doggerl (chintzy, sentimental verse). Yet hardly a song exists in our songbook that doesn't have word inversions, in some cases in every verse. <> ``Quoth the raven: `Nevermore'!'' [72] <> ``Oh baby, let's do it in the dirt.'' :investigative committee: A group of elders (usually only two) assigned to look into a potential judicial matter. <> ``It has been reported that Brother Stack has been seen smoking, so we need to appoint an investigative committee to see if there is any substance to the charge.'' The term is not in the {Society's} {publications} (as far as I can find), but is used as a convenient label for the brothers who conduct such investigations. :irregardless: Not a word. Most dictionaries say it is an `illiterate expression'. Kinder dictionaries say `unstandard'. The correct word is `regardless'. :irregular publisher: Any {publisher} who has not reported preaching activity for from one to five of the past six months. (Compare {active publisher}, {inactive publisher}.) :irrelevant: Not related. This word has been included because it is sometimes mispronounced `ir-REV-e-lant'. Please don't. :isolated territory: An area that is so far from a {Kingdom Hall} or other believers that it is impossible to hold meetings in the area. This happens when someone is the first {Witness} in some locale. (See also {unassigned territory}.) <> ``The Society originally sent missionaries only into isolated territory, where they had to start the work from the very beginning.'' === J === :jealousy: Intolerance of rivalry. Most people regard jealousy as a wholly negative quality, something rooted in insecurity, that makes one envious, selfish, and suffocatingly possessive of the attention of others. However, the Bible also teaches that it may be a positive quality. Jehovah is spoken of as being jealous for his name and insistent on exclusive devotion, for the good of all who wish to live in his universe. (See Exo 34:14.) <> ``Paul told the Corinthians he was jealous over them with a godly jealousy.'' (2 Co 11:2) :Jehovah: God's holy name. (Isa 42:8, Psa 83:18) Some brothers use Jehovah's name in public prayer in nearly every sentence, as a filler, and others use it two or three times in a single sentence. When used in such a way it becomes a meaningless mannerism. (See [w86 5/15], pp. 21-23.) I was encouraged by a brother from California to be sure and point out that some brothers in Compton, CA pronounce God's name `Je-HO-ver'. NOTE: Never criticize brothers who offer public prayer for their words offered from the heart. On the rare occasion that something genuinely inappropriate is said, trust that Jehovah was listening and will care for any correction that may be needed. :Jehovah's people: A close synonym for Jehovah's Witnesses. The term focuses attention on who we are, rather than what we do. <> ``Hitler's hatred for the Truth led him to attempt to wipe Jehovah's people off the face of the earth.'' :Jehovah's Witnesses: The identifying name Jehovah himself selected for his people. (Isa 43:10-12) Jehovah has had witnesses all through history, all the way back to Abel. Today all of them are also Christians, so the fuller designation `Jehovah's *Christian* Witnesses' is sometimes heard. Even when the word `Christian' is not included, it is implied. Until 1976 `witnesses' appeared in "The Watchtower" in lower case. Then in the April 1st issue, for what was apparently the first time, it appeared as `Witnesses', in upper case, in the third item under "Insight on the News". However, the change to upper case did not find its way into the blurb explaining the purpose of the magazine on the inside cover until the August 15, 1976 issue. Although almost all {dedicated} and {baptized} persons are {active} in the preaching activity, the {Society}, in reporting numbers of Witnesses in various areas counts only those who are active as publishers, i.e., those who actually witness, whether baptized or not. The number of unbaptized publishers is probably roughly equal to the number of baptized ones who are {irregular} or {inactive}, effectively canceling out any inaccuracy conveyed by the statistic. NOTE: Just as the work Jehovah has assigned his people is sometimes difficult to do, so the name he has given us is sometimes difficult to explain. It *is* grammatically correct to use the indefinite article and singular form. <> ``He is *a* Jehovah's Witness.'' However, it is awkward because it does not sound right to follow the indefinite article with a possessive, even though it is used functionally as a modifier. Personally, I almost *never* use that form, but prefer to use the more verbose form. <> ``He is *one of* Jehovah's Witnesses.'' It is probably because of this awkwardness that some people, including a few Witnesses, have sometimes resorted to an *un*grammatical form that drops the possessive. <> ``He is a Jehovah Witness.'' *Not!!* This expression is illiterate. Don't use it! It is a sign of great ignorance. However, there is no objection to saying simply ``He is a Witness.'' (See {Witness}.) Some people in the world refer to us as `Jehovahs'. <> ``You Jehovahs are always knocking on my door!'' I have never heard anyone solidly based in the {Truth} use that form. :Jerusalem Bible: One of the standard Roman Catholic translations of the Bible in English. :Jesus Christ: The son of God, firstborn of all creation, who was sent from heaven to live as a man, teach about God's Kingdom, and die as a ransom sacrifice, bringing vindication to Jehovah's name and salvation to those who want it. You already knew that. The reasons Jesus is listed in the "Glossary" are first for completeness, because I have also listed {Jehovah}, and second because most people in {Christendom} believe something entirely different about who Jesus was. Explaining it further is beyond the scope of this "Glossary". For more information, see the "Insight" book. [it] :Jesus fish: An icon that many people display on the trunks of their cars. It consists of an outline in the shape of a fish with the Greek letters for Jesus' name ("I.e.sous'"), or sometimes just the English letters, filling in the body. I don't know what this object's official name is. If you know, I would love to hear from you so I can update this entry. One day I just dubbed it a Jesus fish, and that is what it has been called in our family ever since. Recently I have spotted several instances of an amusing variation: the fish has little feet sticking out of it and instead of Jesus' name, the name DARWIN appears in the body. :judicial action: A course taken by a {judicial committee} in concluding a suspected case of wrongdoing. Normally the term is associated with a negative outcome, such as disfellowshipping or removal from office of oversight. <> ``The disfellowshipping form sent to the Society requires that the date of judicial action be recorded.'' It could refer to a *clearing* of the charges, but in such cases, it would be more common to say: <> ``No judicial action was taken.'' NOTE: These days the {politically correct} term when talking about unconfirmed bad acts is `alleged'. However, anyone can make allegations. The elders don't appoint a {judicial committee} until it has been seen that there is a basis for it. :judicial committee: A committee of at least three elders assigned to handle a case of wrongdoing in the congregation. (Compare {appeal committee}.) <> ``Brother Fairman would not serve on the judicial committee dealing with his brother-in-law in order to avoid the possible influence of partiality.'' :JW: Acronym for {Jehovah's Witness(es)}. This form appears frequently in email, and is used by {unbelievers}. <> ``A drunken man on a bus once told me `When I wash in duh army we ushed to hate you JWs.''' === K === :keen appreciation: Keen means finely sharpened, intense, or enthusiastic. The word combination `keen appreciation', albeit well-intended, has become an overused clich'e. <> ``Strive to maintain keen appreciation for divine direction.'' [w80 3/1] My online literature base found the word `keen' 419 times, and forms of the word `appreciate' in the immediate context 67 times. The status of the word `keen' is not helped by the fact that in past years it was a nearly meaningless slang term used by children and younger teenagers. <> ``That bike of yours is really keen!''[73] [73] Substitute the modern equivalent `cool' for `keen' and you have an equivalent expression. What does it tell you about the bike? Nothing other than the speaker admires it for some reason. (It has nothing to do with its temperature ) :KH: Acronym for {Kingdom Hall}. :King James Version: Popular name for the Authorized Version of the English translation of the Bible (AV), published in 1611, so-called because the work was authorized by King James of England. Publishing a Bible was such a controversial endeavor in those days that it took a king's approval to prevent being burned at the stake for it. :King of kings and Lord of lords: This expression found at Rev 19:16 (and in reverse at Rev 17:14) is sometimes misread as ``King*s* of Kings and Lord*s* of Lords'', and less frequently as ``King of King and Lord of Lord''. Boo, hiss!!! Think about what the expression says: Jesus is the King (singular, capitalized) over all other kings (plural, lower case), i.e., an emperor, and the Lord (singular, capitalized) over all other lords (plural, lower case). The expression `king of kings' is also used once by Daniel in reference to Nebuchadnezzar. (Dan 2:37 :Kingdom good news: Closely akin to {Kingdom message}. It is good news because it means the sanctifying of God's name, the cleansing of the earth, and eternal life in perfect conditions for those who listen to it. <> ``The relief that the Kingdom good news has brought to people in the former Soviet Union has resulted in thousands of new worshipers streaming into Jehovah's organization.'' :Kingdom Hall: Principal meeting place used by {congregations} of {Jehovah's Witnesses}. <> ``The best way to test the truthfulness of what Jehovah's Witnesses are saying to to attend a few meetings at a Kingdom Hall yourself.'' :Kingdom Hall Fund: Monies managed by the {Society} for the purpose of assisting congregations to build {Kingdom Halls} inexpensively and quickly. <> ``This week there were several checks in the Society's Kingdom Hall Fund contribution box.'' :Kingdom interests: The affairs and concerns of the Kingdom of God and its people and activities. Jesus urged his disciples to `seek first [God's] Kingdom'. (Mat 6:33) Therefore, especially in view of the critical times we live in, one of the most frequent urgings published in the Society's literature and taught from the platform, is always to be seeking Kingdom interests, giving these the first place in our lives. This involves not only our service, but our personal conduct, family life, job, and every detail of how we live our lives. <> ``Many people have sold homes and other possessions, changed careers, and even moved to foreign lands in order to further Kingdom interests.'' If it were a mere matter of increasing our quantity of field service, then those who accomplish less in this would be subject to the charge of *not* putting Kingdom interests first. But there is a time and a place for everything. (Ecc 3:1) <> ``Well, I didn't see *you* out in service last Saturday morning.'' ``No; I was in labor at the time, and thought my screaming might detract from the Kingdom message, so I stayed home.'' Would anyone ever accuse a woman giving birth to a baby of not putting Kingdom interests first? :Kingdom message: The focal point of the {preaching} done by {Jehovah's Witnesses}. In the {last days} the essence of the message is that Jehovah established his Messianic Kingdom in the heavens in 1914, with his son Jesus Christ as King, for the purpose of sanctifying his own name, cleansing the earth, and bringing salvation to mankind, and that we are now living in the last days of this system of things. :Kingdom Ministry School: Special training school for {elders}. There have been several over the years, varying in length from a number of weeks to two days. The most recent included a day's training for {ministerial servants}. <> ``The Society is conducting a Kingdom Ministry School on December 23rd and 24th for the elders and on December 25th for the ministerial servants, taking advantage of the availability of facilities that will exist because of the worldly holiday.'' :Kingdom song: 1. Any song found in a songbook used at the meetings of Jehovah's Witnesses. <> ``Whenever a new book of Kingdom songs is published, people complain that they are unsingable.'' 2. Songs that Witnesses write dealing with Biblical themes may properly be termed `Kingdom songs', though they are not published by the Society. <> ``Brother Tweeter donated six original Kingdom songs to the Society use in any way that suits them.'' :Kingdom, Kingdom of God: The theme of Jesus' preaching, and the only hope for mankind. (Mat 4:17) :KM: 1. Acronym for {Kingdom Ministry}. <> ``Special ID cards are required to get in the door at KM School in order to protect us all from unwelcome intruders.'' 2. Sometimes an acronym used instead of the more correct OKM for "Our Kingdom Ministry". <> ``I need two more KMs for my family.'' === L === :laity: The general masses of people who profess a religious faith as distinguished from that religion's class of self-appointed leaders known as the {clergy}. <> ``Since the beginning of the apostasy the brand of Christianity practiced by Christendom has been recognized by its division of people into an elite clergy and the general laity that the clergy has kept in ignorance.'' Jehovah's Witnesses have never made such distinctions, in obedience to Jesus' words at Mat 23:8-11. :land mine: Canine excrement sometimes unpleasantly discovered while walking down the street in {field service}, sometimes referred to as `urban organic gardening'. <> ``When he stepped on a land mine we all heard `unutterable words which it is not lawful for a man to speak.''' (2 Co 12:4) :large print Bible: The {New World Translation} has been published in various formats that could be called `large print'. The original edition of it was in six separate volumes with extensive footnotes and cross references. The 1984 revision, which we now call the {Reference Bible}, was published in medium-large print. Since then we have also published it in several volumes in large print for those with failing eyesight, or for study purposes. (There is much more room for marginal notes in a large print edition.) :last days, time of the end: Scriptural expressions for the time period commencing with Christ's {parousia}, the final period of time for this system of things, before the {great tribulation} and {Armageddon}, until the beginning of the {Millennium}. We have been living in that period of time since 1914. (Act 2:17, 2 Ti 3:1, Jam 5:3, 2 Pe 3:3) <> ``The stress of daily living increases as we go deeper into the last days.'' :laughter: See {humor}. :laundromat publisher: A person who spends a great deal of his field service activity dropping magazines in laundromats during the early morning hours, and maybe occasionally stopping to talk to someone if there are no other people around. (Compare {dawn patrol}.) :law of theocratic inertia: The rule of conduct that says: ``If in doubt --- *don't!*'' It is the humble desire of thoughtful Christians to avoid stumbling others by their conduct. Unfortunately, no matter what we do, someone is bound to be stumbled by it. I knew a mother who wouldn't let her children see the Disney movie "Bambi" --- too much violence! (Bambi's mother dies.)[74] <> ``Hmm ... should I buy this Christian Brothers brandy? Someone might see me and think I am an alcoholic making a contribution to the Catholic church. Better not do it!'' That's the law of theocratic inertia in action. (Or *in*action, {as it were}.) [74] Of course, we respect the consciences of our brothers in such matters. :lectern: The preferred term for the desk that brothers stand behind to give talks from. It is used to prop up notes, Bibles, and other materials, including sometimes the speaker as well.[75] It is often called the {speaker's stand}. (See more at {podium}.) [75] Leaning on the lectern for support is a bad habit that even many very experienced speakers have. :legal corporation: Since 1881 Jehovah's people have used legal corporations in countries around the world to facilitate some of the mechanical aspects of carrying out their work. In most parts of the world {Caesar's law} requires organizations to incorporate in order to own and make use of property to further the cause of the organization. The earliest corporation was called "Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society". In 1955 it was renamed "Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania". A second corporation was formed when the Society moved its principal offices to Brooklyn, New York. In 1956 it became known as "Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc." Although these and other corporations in many parts of the world have been maintained in order to meet legal requirements, we remain a single united global brotherhood. :Let us pray: Some brothers say this when inviting the congregation to join in prayer. It sounds like they think we are in church. :Let us rise: Some brothers say this when inviting people to stand up for song and prayer. It has a churchy flavor to it. Bread rises. So does the sun and the price of gas. People just stand up. :liberal: See {conservative}. :library: A collection of the Society's publications found in every {Kingdom Hall}, including especially {bound volumes} of {The Watchtower} and {Awake!} magazines and whatever other materials can be acquired. Some Kingdom Hall libraries include reference books and other works not published by the Society. Each congregation that inhabits a Hall maintains its own library. :light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, the opposite of darkness. The Bible speaks of light in a figurative sense frequently to represent divine truth. Jehovah is the source of all of light. (Isa 45:7) It is he who makes it possible for his creatures to see light. (Psa 36:9) Knowledge of Jehovah is increasing today as it never has before. The Bible compares the trek of his people along this way to the increasing light of a new day. (Pro 4:18) Accordingly, Jehovah's people frequently speak of newly understood and recently revealed truths as `new light'. <> ``Paragraph ten of last week's "Watchtower" study shed new light on our understanding of Jehovah's great love.'' :limping: Walking unsteadily, as when one leg is injured or weak. The expression is commonly used figuratively, as at 1 Ki 18:21, where Elijah criticizes the people for <> ``limping upon two different opinions''. The image well describes one who seemingly cannot decide whether to serve Jehovah whole-souled or just remain in the world and put an end to the pretense of being a servant of Jehovah. One circuit overseer gave a memorable service talk entitled <> "Limping, ... Limping, ... Limping", wherein he repeated the title in a limping fashion with about a one-second pause between each word, saying it several times throughout the talk. :literature counter, magazine counter: A supply depot found in every Kingdom Hall where magazines and other literature may be obtained. Frequently {territories} may be checked out from this location as well. In most halls there is one long counter that handles all three functions. The default name seems to be `literature counter'. <> ``I'm going to the literature counter to pick up my magazines and check out a territory.'' :literature, literature servant: `Literature' is the general term for all the {publications} of the {Watchtower Bible and Tract Society}, used by Jehovah's Witnesses in preaching and teaching the Bible. <> ``I lack sufficient literature supplies for the weekend; I need to pick up my magazines, the current offer, and some tracts.'' Some brothers pronounce it `LIT-i-cher'. The `literature servant' is the brother, usually a {ministerial servant}, who has charge of ordering, stocking, and distributing literature (except for the magazines) before and after meetings. (See also {magazine servant}.) :little: Small, not much. The reason I included this entry is because a circuit overseer pointed out at a recent assembly that some people apparently don't know the meaning of the word. For instance, Paul said <> ``Bodily training is beneficial for a *little*.'' (1 Ti 4:8) But when some young brothers spend more time on a single weekend playing basketball than they spend in service in a whole year, it appears they fail to {appreciate} the meaning of `little'. :load: See {burden, load}. :local needs: An open-ended {Service Meeting} slot that comes up every two or three months. The elders may use it to present information that is of importance to the local congregation. It is sometimes called a `special needs' part. There is a part given by the {circuit overseer} on most {circuit assemblies} entitled "Giving Attention to the Needs of Our Circuit". This too could be classified as a local needs part. :loophole: A way to avoid fulfilling a legal obligation. <> ``Persons who don't want to change their lifestyles try to look for loopholes in the Bible's requirements.'' <> ``In summer mothers begin looking for loopholes in their children's birth certificates.'' :Lord's Evening Meal: Another term for the Memorial of Christ's death. (See {Memorial}.) <> ``This weekend's field service will focus on making calls on those who might be willing to attend the annual Lord's Evening Meal.'' :lost and found: Place to retrieve items left at the Kingdom Hall. {Sheol} for songbooks, Bibles, and notebooks. <> ``I forgot my songbook, so I'll go get one of the several belonging to the Butterfingers family from the lost and found.'' Every assembly and convention has a lost and found department. The legendary honesty of Jehovah's Witnesses is sometimes validated by the inventory of items that can be found there. :love: The concept of love as taught in the Bible is muddled to English-speaking people because we have only one word to describe an array of complex feelings. The Greeks have several. Discussion of them is beyond the scope of this "Glossary". See the "Insight" [it] book article on LOVE for more details. NOTE: The reason love is included as a head-word is to point out a common misconception held by persons not well-trained by the Bible. Some feel that administering discipline is unloving, and that one should always overlook others' faults no matter how serious they may be. However, real love seeks the best interests of others. For instance, is it really loving to fail to hold children accountable for rebellious behavior when they have embarked on a course that could permanently ruin their lives? Bible love will not blind one to the point of causing him to ignore or condone conduct that he knows Jehovah hates. :love and greetings: It is a virtual tradition for visiting speakers to relate and carry back `love and greetings' between their home and visited congregations. This is a fine practice. Note that it is never `salutations' or `best wishes' or `a big howdy-do', but always `love and greetings'. <> ``First I'd like to say that the members of the Bethel family all send their love and greetings to those of you gathered in sweet assembly today.'' <> ``Would the congregation like to have Brother Mobil carry our love and greetings back to the Deluge Heights congregation?'' (Followed by applause in agreement.) :love of money: The Bible twice warns that the love of money is a danger that demonstrates lack of contentment and that could ultimately lead one away from the Truth. (Heb 13:5, 1 Ti 6:10) It is a temptation that affects people of all economic levels. <> ``Love of money has led some brothers to send their wives out to work full-time, when the income they bring in themselves would adequately care for their families' economic needs.'' NOTE: In these verses Paul was not talking about materialism, but about the destructiveness that attachment to money itself can have on a person. Money is an abstraction, especially these days when cash is becoming rare, and wealth is represented by numbers in various electronic accounts. Money represents a *potential*, namely the power to buy. The moment money is spent, even if on something worthwhile, that power is converted, and its potential no longer exists. Thus a perceived need arises to replace it, leading to an unsatisfying vicious circle of working to acquire money followed by more spending. (Compare Ecc 5:10.) :low-hour publisher: A publisher who reports a relatively small average amount of time in the field service. The usual figure cited by circuit overseers for low-hour publishers is 1-5 hours per month. It takes hard work to cultivate skill and appreciation for the preaching work. Hence one sister once commented about <> ``people who put in only three to five hours per month; they go in service just enough to hate it.'' An astute observation. :luck, lucky, fortunate: Luck is an accidental set of circumstances that operate for or against an individual. Witnesses in the USA are careful *not* to use expressions like <> ``Good luck to you!'', or <> ``With any luck traffic will be light and I'll get home early tonight'', or <> ``You're a lucky guy to have such a healthy family.'' Some believe that saying such things might send a message we have an idolatrous faith in a `god of Good Luck'. (See Isa 65:11.) But do any of us *really* believe that? Surely no one I personally know really thinks that way, either in or out of the Truth. These are phrases that have unscriptural roots, but have come to mean something other than originally intended over time. (Compare {evolve}.) NOTE: It is reported that in some other countries Witnesses are not as squeamish about such phrases. There is clearly a difference between the kind of luck Isaiah spoke about and the de facto luck that arises as a result of `time and unforeseen occurrence'. (Ecc 9:11) Our lives unfold unpredictably from our point of view. (See Jam 4:14.) As creatures unable to tell the future, we see the coincidence of simultaneous events as a chaotic mass of virtual randomness. When they turn out favorably for us, even if it is all the doing of Jehovah and the angels personally directing the flow of every physical molecule in the universe and influencing every thought we have, as Calvinists believe, we are still blind to it. Even though we thank Jehovah for every good thing, we sometimes tend to say we are fortunate because we really do not know at the outset how things will turn out for us. === M === :magazine counter: See {literature counter}. :magazine route: A publisher who has several {route calls} might organize a list of names and addresses in such a way that once or twice a month he will be able to care for them in batches. The sequence is called a magazine route because we most frequently simply stop briefly to leave the current magazines with {householders} and chat a minute. We often don't expect to progress far with these calls. (Compare {rut call}.) :magazine, magazine servant: The periodicals of the Watchtower Society have been the most important tool of the {faithful and discreet slave} in spreading the {Truth} other than the Bible itself. A brother, usually a {ministerial servant}, works behind the {literature counter} handling essentially the same functions for magazines as the {literature servant} does for non-magazine literature. :major fulfillment, minor fulfillment: Some Bible prophecies have multiple {fulfillments} of increasing significance. In such cases, the ultimate realization of the prophetic picture is termed the major fulfillment, whereas the others are called minor fulfillments. <> ``Jesus' prophecy of Mat 24:4-22 had a minor fulfillment between 33 and 70 CE. But these verses and those that follow have their major fulfillment in the time period beginning in 1914, identifying these days as the time of Christ's presence and of the conclusion of the system of things.'' :manuscript talk: A talk in which every word to be spoken is written down and read directly to the audience. For the most part, working from a manuscript is a bad idea, a habit that new speakers are encouraged to break away from as early as possible. However, sometimes the Society supplies talks in manuscript form. This is done mainly for principal talks at conventions, and sometimes for the annual {special talk}. Manuscript talks usually contain complex or important new material that must be explained very carefully. The best readers available are selected to present these parts, and they are charged with the obligation to read every single word exactly as written, without deviating. :marginal Witness: A person who is baptized and claims to be one of Jehovah's Witnesses but who does virtually nothing to make that evident. Such persons may be infrequent meeting attenders, {inactive}, largely unknown to the congregation, even the elders, and may even be engaging in highly questionable activities, e.g., being deeply involved in materialistic pursuits, worldly association, or unhealthy recreation and entertainment. In some cases it is just a matter of time before they drop out of sight altogether. NOTE: This term should be used with discretion, being careful about speaking critically or judgementally about someone else's spiritual condition. It makes a convenient handle for elders to use when talking about someone who fits the description. :marking, marking talk: The scripturally sanctioned act of personally designating an individual within the congregation as undesirable association, someone to be avoided socially. (See 2 Th 3:11-15.) This action must not be taken lightly or often, and never because of petty grievances or simple differences of opinion. It is applied only toward those who, although they have not committed a sin warranting disfellowshipping, are definitely `walking disorderly', flaunting a course contrary to scriptural guidelines, despite counsel and efforts to help them. In most cases this step is taken following a `marking talk' given by the elders on a Service Meeting part, i.e., by one who represents the body. Persons are never singled out by name in these talks. But the conduct described and scriptural warnings given are specific enough that persons in the congregation who are aware of the situation will get the message. Persons who are marked remain in the congregation, and are greeted and continue to participate in congregation activities. However, they find their social lives cut dramatically short as long as they persist in the unscriptural course. :materialism, materialistic: Preoccupation with material things, especially with what money can buy. People become so concerned with such matters that they sacrifice material and intellectual values. <> ``Brother and Sister Stretch are both working two jobs to keep up with the mortgage on their new house, and as a result are rarely at meetings or in service.'' I have heard the opinion voiced by persons outside the USA that indicates some people believe that because we generally have a higher standard of living than in other places, it must be because we are more materialistic materialistic. There may be some measure of truth in that assessment, but it is also true that the spirit of materialism can possess persons of any economic level. The example sentence could work equally well as <> ``Brother and Sister Ivanovich are both working two jobs to pay for their new kitchen table ...'' Merely having more does not in itself make one materialistic. Is it not true that one of lesser economic means who is jealous, envious, or critical of persons whose material circumstances are better than their own also have a fight against materialism to deal with? :matter of conscience: An issue that must be settled by individual Christians based on their reasoned understanding of Jehovah's will. <> ``The Bible makes no mention whatever of artificial birth control methods; any decision concerning the propriety of using them is a matter of conscience to be determined by married couples.'' NOTE: Sadly, some have considered the phrase `matter of conscience' to be equivalent to `do what you want'. But the objective is to use research, reasoning, prayer, and whatever other means is available so as to do what *Jehovah* wants. :maturity: The point in a Christian's development at which he accepts that the {full range} of Bible truth is important to continued spiritual growth, and so begins to it in his life. [Public Talk Outline #16] :meddle: To become involved in something without right, in such a way as to interfere. It seems that the one thing that is meddled with more than any other is politics. I found the word `meddle' 65 times in my online literature base, and in 55 cases forms of the word `politics' were found in the same sentence. <> ``[Modern Babylon's] corruption, gross immorality, dishonesty, and political meddling have been exposed everywhere.'' [w89 4/1] <> ``[Popular religions] divide people, meddle in politics, frequently foment wars and many times persecute the true worshipers of Jehovah God.'' [w81 6/1] :meditation: Deep, concentrated, reflective thinking. A form of studying, but usually without books and pens and markers. <> ``The meditations of the heart should be focused on beneficial things, on Jehovah's splendor and activities, on things pleasing to him, and not on the devices of the wicked.'' ([it], volume 2, page 363) :meeting bag: See {book bag}. :meeting for field service: A 10-15 minute meeting prior to {group witnessing} for the purpose of preparing and organizing the activity for the day. :Memorial: 1. Short name for the annual Memorial of Christ's death, the {Lord's Evening Meal}, the most important meeting of the year for Jehovah's Witnesses. It is usually capitalized, like the name of a holiday. 2. A funeral talk. <> ``There will be a memorial Saturday night for Brother Tot.'' This use of the word is never capitalized. :menfolk, womenfolk: A {fuddy-duddy} term designating the men or women of a family, household, or community. It's a folksy term that brings to mind peoples in so-called primitive cultures, maybe sitting around a campfire. It may be appropriate terminology in connection with peoples from patriarchal villages, but is rarely used regarding modern urban societies. <> ``The womenfolk sit quietly and listen whenever the menfolk talk.'' (Not in *my* house they don't. My womenfolk are considered {liberal}.) :MEPS: Acronym for `Multilanguage Electronic Phototypesetting System', the Society's unique computer system that aids us in publishing literature simultaneously in many languages. It is more commonly referred to by its acronym, pronounced as a word, not spelled out. :Messiah, Messianic Kingdom: `Messiah' is the Hebrew-derived equivalent to the word transliterated from Greek as `Christ'. It means `anointed' or `anointed one'. The `Messianic Kingdom' is Jehovah's Kingdom over the earth, ruling from the heavens with his son Jesus Christ as King. (See {Kingdom message}.) :mezuzah: A small piece of parchment containing parts of Deuteronomy that is rolled up and placed in a little case and attached in a slanted position on the right hand doorpost of Jewish homes. These are very easy to spot. They serve to give us fair warning that we should prepared to tailor any scriptural presentation we make to emphasize the {Hebrew scriptures}. (Compare {Jesus fish}.) :microphone, mike: An instrument used to convey sound to an amplifier where it is processed in a sound system, called a `mike' (not `mic') for short. Most every Kingdom Hall in the USA has a sound system with two or three microphones for the platform, and two or three more to be used as {roving mikes}. :midweek service: Arrangements for {group witnessing} that are scheduled from Monday to Friday. :mike handlers: Brothers assigned to carry {roving mikes} to persons who comment from their seats. Any brother in good standing can receive this assignment, because it is not difficult. The main requirements are that handlers should know the names of most people in the congregation, be properly dressed, and remain attentive throughout the meeting. The privilege is usually reserved for younger brothers who are beginning to {reach out}. <> ``Please be patient if things are a little disorganized today; we have elders working as mike handlers.'' :militantly ignorant: Persons who rigorously eschew all forms of mental stimulation, on the feeble premise that Jehovah will teach us all we need to know.[76] Such persons are often vocally opposed to formal secular education,[77] rarely read books or even magazines or newspapers, admit they don't enjoy the fine arts,[78] have a poor sense of history,[79] can't find Mexico on a globe, don't own library cards, avoid watching the news on TV,[80] have an aversion to new-fangled gadgets like computers and CD players, believing them to be fads from the Devil that will never catch on, and are completely unaware of the existence of resources such as National Public Radio or the Internet. They can't read, spell or even talk very well, don't recognize or use many words, and believe that writing is something that only writers do. They laugh or sometimes brag about having no sense of size, quantity, or direction.[81] What informational channels they do expose themselves to through TV or movies is invariably either drivel or very low-grade. Unfortunately, such persons often rarely prepare for meetings, or engage in personal Bible study, and do poorly at defending their {professed} beliefs. Eventually their brains atrophy from disuse. [76] Who really knows what he needs to know that he does not know now, or will not need to know in the future, until he has lived forever and realizes that he has never needed to know it? [77] ``Persons who go to college will die at Armageddon.'' [78] ``I don't know much about ____ but I know what I like!'' [79] ``Lemme see, did Moses live *before* or *after* Jesus?'' [80] It interferes with watching "The Simpsons". [81] ``Ha, ha, ha --- math was always my worst subject in school!'' NOTE: Jesus' command to be `no part of the world' was not a mandate to remain an ignoramus. (Compare Gen 1:28.) A dummy is still a dummy regardless of his religion.[82] [82] OK, I'll get off my soapbox now. :Millenial Dawnist: A name given by outsiders to Jehovah's people early in the twentieth century, based on the primary book publication of the Society in those days, a six-volume series by Charles T. Russell called "Millenial Dawn". Later the name of the series was changed to "Studies in the Scriptures". The name Millenial Dawnist was never recognized by the organization, so was not marked obsolete here. (See also {Russellite}.) :Millennium: Popular term for the thousand-year reign of Christ. The term `Millennium' itself is not found in {NW}, but the expression `thousand years' is mentioned in each verse from Rev 20:2-7. :mine [obs]: An obsolete archaism for the the possessive pronoun `my', used mainly preceding words that begin a vowel. <> ``Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come.''[83] (Joh 2:4 AV) <> ``Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.'' ("Battle Hymn of the Republic") <> ``Where in tarnation did I leave mine other black sock!?'' [83] This verse is a virtual garden of {common archaisms}! :minister: All of {Jehovah's Witnesses} who are {dedicated} and {baptized} servants of Jehovah are ministers, because the word refers to one who serves. Our baptism in water is a symbol of our dedication to Jehovah and constitutes our {ordination} as ministers. This sense of the word is in great contrast to the sense in which it is generally used in western countries, as referring to a Protestant clergyman ordained in one of Christendom's seminaries. (See more at {ordained minister}.) :ministerial servant: The scriptural term for spiritually mature men assigned to assist the {elders} in caring for important congregation services. (Phi 1:1, 1 Ti 3:8, 1 Ti 3:12) :Ministerial Training School: A special school for single {elders} and {ministerial servants} who are available to be sent anywhere there is a need in the worldwide field. :ministry: The service of one who is a minister. All dedicated and baptized servants of Jehovah are considered ministers, and so anything they do in connection with their service of him is considered a part of their ministry. The default application is to the fulfillment of our assignment to preach. <> ``We had thirty people out in the ministry last Saturday.'' :Ministry School: Short form of {Theocratic Ministry School}. :minor fulfillment: See {major fulfillment}. :miracle: An occurrence that beholders cannot fully understand or explain by physical laws and is therefore attributed to supernatural powers, e.g., when Jesus changed water into wine at a wedding in Cana. (Joh 2:1-10) In the world it is popular to attach the label miracle even to the outcome of events that God would have nothing to do with, such as the winning of a sports contest, conquering an enemy in battle, or striking it rich in a lottery. Christians may discern the likelihood of divine influence in occurrences that are in harmony with his will, for instance the starting of a Bible study under remarkable circumstances. But Jehovah's people do not habitually go around declaring even such events to be miracles, much less happenings that obviously have nothing to do with the working out of Jehovah's will. :miserable serpent: A quippish Briticism for {Ministerial Servant}. Ha ha. :-| British humor sometimes escapes me. (See "Head-Word Sources".) :missionary: A Christian who enters {full-time service} in a {foreign} country, usually after being trained at the {Gilead School}. :missionary home: Properties provided by the Society to house {missionaries}. :model prayer: The demonstration prayer Jesus presented as part of his {Sermon on the Mount}. It is recorded at Mat 6:9-13. It has been dubbed the `our Father prayer' by Roman Catholics. <> ``Say ten Our Fathers and twenty Hail Marys and go your way and rape, murder and pillage no more.'' Protestants more commonly refer to it as `the Lord's prayer'. However, Jesus was not actually praying at this time, but was explaining the proper manner to pray for the benefit of his disciples, showing what matters should receive the greatest priority, which is why we call it the model prayer. If any prayer rightly bears the name the Lord's prayer, it is the one Jesus spoke to his Father in the garden of Gethsemane on the night of his betrayal. :modem: A device by means of which one may communicate from one computer to another by means of a telephone. A gateway to large phone bills, time loss and wifely irritations. :Monday: Rarely a meeting day, most frequently Monday evenings are reserved for family Bible study. Monday is Bethel family study night throughout the world. (See also {first day of the week}.) :Money, money tickles the parson: A rough translation of the handwriting Belshazzar saw on the wall (*MENE, MENE TEKEL* and *PARSIN*) the night Babylon was conquered by Darius the Mede. (Dan 5:25-28) :mongalvian: A near as I can tell, this neologism coined by our circuit overseer was intended, at the moment of its creation, to mean `big and grotesque'. He had been discussing worldly ways in his final talk at the circuit assembly, and said something like <> ``He shows up at a meeting with one of these [long pause] *mongalvian* hair styles'', illustrated by holding his hands about a foot from either side of his head. Then after thinking about it for a moment, he added: ``I think I just gave Mr. Webster a new word for his dictionary.'' Mr. Webster was not there that day, but I happened to be sitting in the front row, and winked knowingly at my wife as I took note. :mortal: Capable of dying, the opposite of {immortal}. The angels and humans are mortal. Jesus is now *im*mortal, a gift he was granted for his faithful life course on earth. Had he not been mortal before, he could not have been sent to earth to die as a ransom for mankind. If the angels were not mortal, Satan and his demons could never be destroyed as God has promised. :most heavenly: A meaningless expression used by some brothers as a form of address to Jehovah in public prayer: <> ``Most heavenly Jehovah ...''. The condition of being `heavenly' is not something that is measured relatively as in `more or less heavenly', or `most or least heavenly'. <> ``Was Satan the least heavenly angel?'' *Not!* (See the NOTE under {Jehovah}.) :moustache: Male facial hair on the upper lip, a different kind of uncircumcision of lips. (Exo 6:13) :-{)[84] They are now common among Witness men, but for most of the 20th century, until the early 1970's, they were regarded in much the same light as {beards}. [84] {Smiley face} with a moustache. :Mrs. Joseph Blow: Married sisters are always referred to in the Society's correspondence as `Mrs.' followed by their husband's full name, regardless of whether he is a brother or an honorable person or even living. <> ``We're happy to announce that Mrs. David Koresh has been appointed a regular pioneer.'' Former and potential women's rights advocates bite your tongues. :MS: Acronym for {Ministerial Servant}. :Ms.: Popular alternative to `Mrs.' and `Miss', the female equivalent of `Mr.', in that it gives no indication of the bearer's marital status. Although `Ms.' is is now in wide use in the {world}, it is *not* recognized or used by the Society in any of its printed materials. This form of address is probably viewed by the Society as an artifact of the feminist political movement, and is therefore best avoided. (Compare {political correctness}.) :Multilanguage Electronic Phototypesetting System: Full name for the Society's computer system for publishing known as {MEPS}. :music: The art of combining sounds into melodies, rhythms, harmonies, and structures. That definition is grossly inadequate, but I wouldn't dare try to improve it.[85] As a famous musician replied to a woman who asked him to define jazz: <> ``Lady, if you got to ask what it is, you'll never know.''[86] Music is one of God's greatest gifts for mankind's pleasure; it has the potential to affect the emotions deeply. Its forms are as varied as the people on the earth. [85] It is worth noting that the 20-volume "Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians" does not have an entry under "music", suggesting that the word itself is difficult to define. But musicians certainly know it when they hear it, even if others do not. [86] Attributed to Louis Armstrong. Satan is well aware of music's power and has used it effectively during the {last days} as a teaching device. The lyrics and spirit of a great deal of American-style popular music is debased in the extreme. Its content is often rebellious, vulgar, profane, immoral, violent, or blasphemous, not to mention downright ugly. But listeners, especially young ones, are easily seduced by the music that accompanies the words, and often catch themselves enthusiastically singing along. Thus there is need for Christians to be careful about what music they approve. (Rom 14:22) Many articles have appeared in the literature warning us of these dangers. The commercial pulp marketed by the music industry is so pervasive that many Americans believe it is the only music worth listening to except for that favored by people whose tastes are hopelessly old-fashioned or highbrow. On the other hand, I have heard some say <> ``I like *all* kinds of music: pop, rock, folk, country, blues and jazz.'' This is similar to saying ``I like *all* kinds of food: baked, boiled, mashed, french fried, and sometimes au gratin.'' It's still all potatos. This is sad, because even in this imperfect world there is more genuinely good music being made than a person could ever experience, even if he devoted all day of every day of his life to nothing but listening to new things. In reality there are entire worlds of music that the casual listener is generally unaware of. And in Jehovah's New Order there will be a whole lot more of it. === N === :nacho home: A slang term for {not-at-home}, also used in bad puns. <> ``Of course it's nacho home, it's somebody else's.'' This head-word was contributed by someone from {California}, where I believe nachos are the state vegetable, and considered `brain food'. :national anthem: A song sung at ceremonies to honor a national flag. The Bible clearly shows this custom to be a form of idolatry, and so Jehovah's Witnesses respectfully abstain from participation. (See Dan 3:1-30.) In the USA at public events it has become the custom to have a special guest sing the "Star Spangled Banner" while others stand and just listen. In such situations, whatever action the participants as a whole take to signify participation, in this case merely standing, would be recognized as an act of support. Some Witnesses, in order to avoid hassles, either find it convenient to head off to the bathroom just before it begins, or deliberately plan to arrive moments late. However, one can not always know when the national anthem will be played. Personally, I have never experienced a bit of trouble from remaining seated. :national average: The average number of {field service} hours reported by all {publishers} in a country (or within a {branch office's} jurisdiction) as published monthly in {Our Kingdom Ministry}. For better or worse, comparisons of individual publisher times to the national average is used by some as a barometer of spiritual health. <> ``We can't appoint this man as a ministerial servant because his hours are below the national average.'' It is admittedly a mathematically difficult task to maintain an organizational standard wherein *everyone* is above average. See caveats under {time}. :nationalism: A sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others, one of the most divisive and destructive forces in history. <> ``Waves of nationalistic fervor led to great persecution of Christians during the two World Wars.'' :neologism, neologist: A `neologism' is a newly made-up word. A `neologist' is one who makes them up. I like doing this, and use the term several times in the "Glossary", so I have defined it here. :neoproverb: A proverb is a short saying that concisely expresses a general truth or fundamental principle. The word *neo*proverb is a personal {neologism} coined to describe a new proverb, one first spoken in modern times. Because Jehovah's Witnesses are all teachers, countless memorable sayings worth preserving have been spoken from Kingdom Hall and assembly platforms over the years. Here are just a few. o Do someone a favor and it becomes your job. o If we are wrapped up in ourselves, we are overdressed. o There are no food fights at Jehovah's table. o There is no sacrifice without sacrifice. o Nothing is easy to the unwilling. o Success comes in cans. Failures come in can'ts. o Attack the problem, not the person. o Obstacles are what you see when you lose sight of your goal. o A job tends to fill the time allotted for it. o It pays to be the bearer of good news.[87] o Noah didn't let the bad weather keep him out of the ark. o Women talk. [87] I first heard this in connection with business, but it takes on a special flavor in the context of the Truth. :nepotism: Favoritism shown to a relative on the basis of relationship, e.g., in granting an appointment of responsibility, or in rendering a biased judgement. Remarkably, although this is *rarely* a problem among Jehovah's Witnesses, who are known universally for their fairness and impartiality, one European brother tells me an entire congregation in his city was dissolved because of nepotism some years ago. <> ``Brother Proud abstained from the vote to recommend his son as an elder in order to avoid influencing others from making a decision based on nepotism.'' :neutrality: The position of those who do not take sides with or give support to either of two or more contending parties; the stand that Christians take toward affairs of this world. (Rom 13:1-7) NOTE: Neutrality is not apathy. Many Christians have lost their lives because of taking a neutral stand. Apathetic persons without conviction will ultimately compromise and take sides rather than lose their lives. :new in the Truth: A person who has recently accepted the teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses and has begun practicing {true worship}, including the making of a {personal dedication}, and participating in the preaching work. Such a person is not necessarily baptized, but has expressed his full intent to be baptized at the soonest opportunity, e.g., at the next assembly. How long does one remain new? There is no clear limit. The Bible at 1 Ti 3:5 states that a man who is recommended for the office of overseer should not be a `newly converted man'. I know of no cases of persons appointed as elders in less than three or four years following baptism. I felt like a new guy for at least three years after my baptism. :new light: See {light}. :New Order, new system: The {Kingdom} arrangement for human society beginning with the {Millenium} and extending into eternity. (Notice the upper and lower case difference.) :New Testament: See {Old Testament}. :New Things Learned: The former name for {Continue in the Things You Have Learned}. Although this name for it is technically obsolete, it is still used in conversation because it is shorter. Some people wryly call it `Old Things Remembered'. <> ``Where did the CO put the list of questions for the New Things Learned meeting?'' :new world: Synonym for {New Order}, {new system}. :New World Bible Translation Committee: The anonymous translators of the {New World Translation}. Some persons have erroneously believed that the work of translating the NWT was done by sympathetic Bible language experts and scholars who were not themselves Jehovah's Witnesses, and that the finished work was then contributed to the Society. Common sense alone should tell one that this could not be so. It is comparable to saying that the works of Shakespeare were written by someone else. But it took a Shakespeare to produce his work, just as it took a Jesus Christ to produce Jesus' teachings. The New World Translation is so utterly free of sectarian, critical and philosophical bias that it could not possibly have been produced without the assistance of Jehovah's holy spirit. Because it has been the {faithful and discreet slave} that has been appointed over *all* of Christ's belongings since about the end of WWI, it is logical to assume that the supremely important responsibility of supplying a reliable translation of God's Word would also have fallen into the hands of {spirit-anointed} men. The facts of the matter are confirmed by the following quote from the "Proclaimers" book. ([jv], pages 607-8) The footnote is part of the quote. I added the slanted font emphasis myself: It was early in October 1946 that Nathan H. Knorr ... first proposed that the Society produce a fresh translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures. ... The complete text was carefully reviewed by the entire translation committee, *all of them spirit-anointed Christians*. ... [Brother Knorr] announced to [the corporate boards of directors] that the New World Bible Translation Committee had completed work on a modern-language translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures and had turned it over to the Society for publication.[a] [a] This translation was assigned to the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania for publication, with the request that the names of the translators never be published. They wanted all honor to go to Jehovah God, the Divine Author of his inspired Word. To what degree the Committee depended on outside assistance will never be known, and is irrelevant. The important point to remember is that it is here documented that the entire Committee was made up of spirit-anointed men. [NWT Committee: Nathan Knorr, George Gangas, Albert Schroeder and Fred Franz; only the latter had any knowledge of the original languages, having studied Greek for 2 years at college, and self-learning Hebrew. He also famously advised another JW researcher, "Why don't you check it in some other translations that may not be as biased". -ed] It is my personal opinion that the "New World Translation" will ultimately come to be regarded in the same light as the Greek Septuagint version. The Septuagint was produced for the use of Greek-speaking Jews, who were still God's people, and was used by them down to the time of Jesus. ([si], page 307) Therefore, it was a translation that likely was made with God's own approval and direction. [Possibly correct, given the reputation the Septuagint acquired for error -ed] :New World Society: The worldwide society and culture of {Jehovah's people}. NOTE: The `New World Society' exists today and will continue to exist for all eternity; it is not something we are waiting for the {New Order} to bring. <> ``We want to welcome our newly baptized brothers and sisters to the New World Society.'' :New World Translation: The translation of the Bible published by Jehovah's Witnesses, originally in English, now retranslated into many other languages, with careful comparison to the best original language versions. Its full name is "New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures". (See also {New World Bible Translation Committee}.) :NH: Acronym for `not-at-home'. This is seen as a column header on the S-8 {house-to-house record} form. :no blood card: The technically more correct name for what is normally referred to as a {blood card}. :no doubt: An awful word whisker that pops up more often in meeting talks than in daily speech, usually implying the thought `I'm sure you will agree'. It sometimes seems appropriate. <> ``Since Monday is a holiday you will no doubt want to schedule some time for field service.'' Often it adds little to the sentence it is found in. <> ``No doubt Jesus felt a great deal of stress when he was on the torture stake.'' No kidding. But when used as much as twenty times in a single talk, it is no doubt a distraction to the listener. :not-at-home: A home that has been visited where no one was found. The primary content of {house-to-house records} is the addresses of not-at-homes, so usually the term really refers to that address record, as opposed to a family or a house. <> ``I have enough not-at-homes to keep three car groups busy for the morning.'' More and more often these days the only ones home when we call are dogs. One circuit overseer referred to such homes as expensive dog houses. :not-at-home record: See {house-to-house record}. :not-interested: A compound noun meaning a person not willing to listen to the message of the {good news}. <> ``Today I had mostly not-at-homes, and the rest were not-interesteds.'' :nuclear: This word is pronounced `NU-cle-ar', but is frequently mispronounced as `NU-cu-lar'. :number [one, two, three, four] talk: See {Bible reading}, {Bible highlights}. The {instruction talk}, though not considered a {student talk}, is frequently called the number one talk. The {Bible highlights} is likewise not considered a student talk, and is not numbered. The remaining talks on the Theocratic Ministry School are therefore commonly referred to as the number two talk, the number three talk, and the number four talk, though they are third, fourth, and fifth on the meeting respectively. There used to be one more student talk on the School, and it was called the number five talk. Some people who have been around a long time still inadvertently refer to the last School talk as the number five talk. :NW: Official {publication code} for the {New World Translation}. :NWT: Acronym for {New World Translation}. === O === :objection: An opposing argument raised by one being preached to. <> ``Sister Sly was able to overcome the householder's objection with references to the "Reasoning" book.'' :offertory: The presentation of the offerings of the congregation at public church services. I call it the extortionary. The usual routine is to pass around collection plates for people to drop in money. In making a public matter out of it, viewable by others sitting in the area, people are embarrassed to pass the plate on without forking over anything, or if their offering goes clink in the plate. The Bible says that all contributions to support true worship should be entirely voluntary and essentially anonymous.[88] Therefore, the practice of soliciting donations in this way from attendees has *never* been a part of the meetings of Jehovah's Witnesses. [88] It is not considered ostentatious for persons to contribute signed checks, as a matter of convenience or for the sake of tax records. The contents of {contribution boxes} are seen only by mature brothers assigned to empty them, who keep no record of who contributed how much, but only write down the totals, and do not publicize to others the information their eyes take. :OKM: Acronym for {Our Kingdom Ministry}. :old people's music: A term young people use to describe any music their parents will still let them listen to after reading an article about music in one of the current magazines. <> ``Aw, Dad, all I've got left to listen to is *OOOLD* people's music!'' (Followed by a great {heaving of sighs}.)[89] The reaction is symptomatic of the general condition of musical ignorance described in the entry {music}. [89] Heard on a circuit assembly demonstration recently. Grumble grumble. If only they knew. :old school: People use the phrase `old school' to mean old fashioned, usually as a criticism, and in comparison to themselves. It suggests that the one described as such acts in a way that was appropriate at one time, but is no longer current. <> ``Their CO is really old school.'' The speaker may have been motivated to say this upon receiving some counsel from the CO that was not appreciated. But all circuit overseers (and district overseers and elders in general) receive the same training for their responsibilities, on approximately the same schedule, so no one goes out of date. Overseers who are unable or unwilling to move with Jehovah's chariot[90] are removed from office. (Eze 1:20, 21, Psa 109:8, Act 1:20) [90] See [w94 8/1], page 10, par. 3, which illustrates how perfectly adaptable Jehovah's celestial chariot is, and shows how we should likewise remain adaptable. :Old Testament [obs], New Testament [obs]: These terms are used by Christendom to designate the two major sections of the Bible, but are not a part of theocratic speech. We use the more precise terminology `Hebrew Scriptures' and `Christian Greek Scriptures' respectively. Section 7E of the large print edition of {NW} [Rbi8-E] contains an interesting explanation. :old timer: Someone who has been around the Truth and faithful for a long time. A person does not necessary have to be elderly to be considered an old timer. <> ``My in-laws, who are old-timers, suggested this "Glossary" entry.'' (That's what's known in computer lingo as a recursive example.) :older man: The scriptural term for what is more commonly called an {elder}. It is used many times in the Hebrew scriptures, and is first found in connection with men appointed to serve the Christian congregation at Act 11:30. (See also {overseer}.) Though one needn't be literally old to be considered a spiritually older man, spiritual maturity implies years of experience. And no one yet has figured out a way to get any younger *after* being appointed as an elder. The impact of the literal meaning of the term older men is never more evident than when standing in a room where a large gathering of elders is about to take place, as at circuit assembly elders meetings. As I look around and note all the paunches, the wrinkles, the gray and missing hair, the croaking voices, the faltering gaits, the bent backs, the thick glasses, and the hearing aids, I think to myself: ``What a pitiful sight! It's a good thing Jehovah loves us.'' (Pro 16:31) [This particular euphemism dates from the JWs old belief that each congregation had only one overseer. As a result of the work of Raymond Franz, this practice was changed to be the current body of elders arrangement, but the old term lingers on. -ed] :oldster: A {fuddy-duddy} term that designates a person of advanced age. I personally feel it has a folksy but condescending flavor to it, and could therefore be construed as politically incorrect if used indiscreetly. However, it is used in the {Society's} publications, always with implied affection and without intent of malice. <> ``We should try to learn from the greater years of experience the oldsters among us have acquired.'' :OM: 1. Acronym for {older man}, an elder. It ties in well with amateur radio lingo, which uses `OM' for `old man', to refer to any male radio operator. Because of the techno-electronic nature of both computers and the hobby of amateur radio, many hackers are also amateur radio operators, called `hams' in the USA and most other places. 2. Acronym for `old magazine'; a notation often found on house-to-house record slips to indicate that a {back issue} was left at the door of a {not-at-home}. :online: 1. Residing on a computer. <> ``I have the NWT and about 30 megabytes of the Society's literature online in ASCII format.'' 2. Connected through a computer, especially by means of a network. <> ``Hundreds of brothers are able to carry on running dialogs by coming online via the Internet or BBSs.'' 3. Metaphorically connected, with all faculties operating properly. <> ``It takes a couple of cups of coffee in the morning for most pioneers to come completely online.'' :opening prayer: The prayer offered at the beginning of a meeting. At most meetings it follows an initial song. Brothers are encouraged to make opening prayers succinct and to the point. These prayers might include thanks to Jehovah for the meeting, and requests for his spirit on the speakers to deliver their parts well, and on all attending in order to concentrate and get benefit from what is said. (Compare {closing prayer}.) :opinion: A personal view about some matter. Everyone has opinions, and this is not in itself wrong. (Compare 1 Co 7:25.) But some persons have difficulty distinguishing their personal opinions from revealed truth. (See 1 Ti 6:3-5.) Once a brother unloaded on me his written heartfelt opinions about some matters that were troubling him. He asked if I thought he had expressed himself too strongly. I replied that perhaps he ought to put the title "95 Theses" across the top and nail his manifesto to the Kingdom Hall door.[91] [91] It happens the brother had some legitimate concerns and expressed them well. Sometimes the opportunity to speak one's mind to a trusted listener can be cathartic. (Compare Psa 4:4.) :opportune time: Suitable for the moment. Twice Paul encouraged Christians to `buy out the opportune time' to pursue a course of wisdom. (Eph 5:16, Col 4:5) Now that we are in the {time of the end}, we have a never to be repeated and highly urgent work to do, so *now* is the opportune time to be busy doing it; doing it later will be impossible. Thus the Society repeatedly exhorts us to make the best use of our time, sacrificing time-consuming personal pursuits in order to make more room for spiritual activities, especially participation in the preaching work. I found the expression `opportune time' 85 times in my online literature base. <> ``Young Witnesses should certainly buy out the opportune time to become knowledgeable and capable servants of Jehovah.'' [w92 11/1] :opposer: One who is not merely indifferent in the {Kingdom message}, but who proactively speaks against it and who criticizes or cruelly persecutes Jehovah's people. Some take this stand due to ignorance. Others are just plain hard-hearted or possibly even influenced by Satanic forces. Still others are just plain {stupid}. <> ``There is never any reason to fear opposers of the Kingdom work, knowing that Jesus will assist us in speaking to them'' (Luk 21:15) :order: Short for the current order of literature from the {Society}. <> ``The order came in, so I should pick up my bound volumes.'' :ordination, ordained minister: Christendom has a much different view than the Bible about what constitutes an `ordained minister'. In order to cooperate with governmental requirements, for instance where an elder needs a license to perform a wedding, the congregation regards elders as being `ordained' in a special sense. In most places the governments accept this. (See {elder who performs weddings}.) <> ``Baptismal candidates are always told to write down the date of their baptism, because scripturally it represents the date of their ordination as God's ministers.'' [JWs have been ordained, not ordained, and ordained again successively during the 1970s and 1980s; this reflected disputes in the Governing Body itself, and was reflected by the change of their bulletin from 'Kingdom Ministry' to 'Kingdom Service' and back -ed] :organ: A musical instrument so expensive and bulky that they are often designed and custom built for a particular building. Organs are the primary musical instrument used to accompany religious services in Christendom's churches. The primary musical instrument used in Kingdom Halls is the {CD} or cassette player. The accompaniments to songs for meetings are all recorded on piano. When live music is provided, it is always by means of piano accompaniment.[92] Halls with respectable pianos and musicians who can play them well enough are becoming increasingly rare. [92] By Society direction. Years ago, little ensembles were sometimes used. :organization: When used by itself `the organization' is short for Jehovah's visible Christian organization. (1 Co 14:33) <> ``We should attempt to introduce newly interested persons to the organization as early in their study as possible.'' :organized religion: Although Jehovah's {organization} is the premiere example of orderliness in matters of religion, the term `organized religion' suggests to many the mainstream religions of Christendom. <> ``I gave my written notice to organized religion before becoming a Witness.'' (Compare {religion}.) :Orthodox: 1. A member of a sect of Christendom that originally broke away from the Roman Catholic church. The two main branches of Orthodoxy are Greek and Russian. These sects claim to be conservative (and therefore original) in their views, though they are every bit as apostate as Roman Catholicism. Their main differences have to do with who is leader and where he lives. They have disregarded the Bible teaching that Jesus Christ is leader of the true Christian congregation, and that he lives in heaven. 2. There are branches of Judaism that claim to be orthodox, i.e., conservative, notably the Hassidic Jews, very distinguishable on the streets of New York and other places where they are found in concentration by the black clothing, beards and long forelocks of the men. 3. The word in lower case can be used in a general sense to mean conventional, and conforming to established doctrine. <> ``His orthodox views on raising children have not helped him to be a success in raising his own.'' :other sheep: Scriptural term for Christians who entertain prospects of everlasting life in an earthly Paradise. (Joh 10:16) <> ``The Bible shows there are two classes of Christians, which Jesus described as the little flock and the other sheep.'' :OTOH: Hacker acronym for `on the other hand'. :Our Father prayer: See {model prayer}. :Our Kingdom Ministry: A newsletter containing instructions for {field ministry} published monthly by each {branch office}, and covered at the weekly {Service Meeting}. :Our Kingdom Service [obs]: Old name for {Our Kingdom Ministry}. Before then it was known as "Informant", "Director", and "Bulletin". :ouster: Expulsion as a result of a judgement. I rarely ever see the word outside the Society's literature, except in reference to an occasional deposed dictator. Of the 26 times it is found in my online literature base, once it refers to <> ``man's ouster from the garden of Eden'', once to <> ``the demons' entering the swine manifesting their ouster forcefully'', and all the rest to <> ``the ouster of Satan the Devil and his demons from heaven and down to earth.'' :outline, outline talk: A written representation of material to be covered in a talk, noting only the main ideas, often written in an indented or itemized style. The material for the entire series of {public talks} is supplied by the Society in outline form. There are advantages to working from an outline. When an outline is supplied, the speaker may still adapt it for local circumstances, inserting illustrations, and experiences, and is free to phrase things according to own manner of speaking. Also, talks given from an outline sound much more spontaneous than {manuscript talks} because an outline helps the speaker to think about *ideas* rather than *words*. For these reasons beginning speakers are encouraged to begin using an outline as early in their training as possible. <> ``Giving an outline talk is a little like playing mainstream jazz: though the basic ideas and direction are predetermined, the precise manner of execution is saved for the moment of presentation.'' :overcomer: Although the word is not in my online dictionary, it obviously means `one who overcomes' [something]. It seems to be the neologism of some Society writer; I found it 17 times in my online literature base. In every single case it appears standalone, i.e., *never* saying `overcomers *of* this or that'. The object they overcome is always explained in the sentences before. <> ``We can be overcomers by relying firmly on the ransom.'' [w90 12/15] In every instance the context seems to be related to Christians' having faithfully `conquered the world'. 1 Jo 5:4 :overseer: 1. Another scriptural term for {elder}. This one focuses more on the man's appointment of responsibility than his age. 2. Anyone who has authority to organize and direct some assignment, whether an appointed brother in his congregation or not, is in a sense an overseer. <> ``Brother Willing and Brother Able will oversee the distribution of contribution boxes in this area.'' === P === :pager: A computer program that allows browsing or paging through a text file. An {editor} can also be used for this. A pager is simpler to use, and has the advantage that it protects the file being paged by not allowing changes to it, but an editor is far more powerful. The commonest paging programs are called more, less, and pg. One or more of these can be found on most every computer system. <> ``The plain version of the "Glossary" may be read with either an editor or a pager, or it may be printed directly by a line printer.'' :pair up, pair off: To choose partners for working in field service, usually in twos. The expression is usually used even when more than two are assigned to be together, as in the case of including children. <> ``Sister Stuckee, will you please pair up with Sister Rabbit and her triplets?'' Two is the usual number of publishers that work together because this is how Jesus sent forth his disciples. (Mar 6:7, Luk 10:1) In safe territory an odd person usually works alone. In dangerous territory three on a door may be normal, but is not desirable, because a large crowd will cause the householder to feel ill at ease. <> ``Oh no, hide --- here come *four* of those people up the drive! And they're carrying ... *suitcases* or something!'' Working in pairs is an identifying mark of Witnesses. When was the last time two salesmen appeared at your home together? :paradise: A beautiful park or garden. It was Jehovah's purpose for all of mankind to reside in an earthwide paradise, as is evident from the conditions and commands given to Adam in the original paradise of Eden. When Jesus told the {evildoer} dying alongside him <> ``You will be with me in Paradise'' (Luk 23:43), he meant the man would be resurrected to live on a cleansed and beautified earth once Jesus began ruling in his Kingdom from the heavens. :paragraph: The study of "The Watchtower" and materials at the Congregation Book Study is conducted a paragraph at a time. In the {publications}, articles that are designed for group study have the paragraphs numbered, with {study questions} below. Frequently two or more paragraphs are grouped together, but the conductor will still say <> ``Read the paragraph, please, numbers six through eight.'' :paramour: An illicit lover or mistress. This word is usually used figuratively to show the relationship between the institutions of false religion and politics. Of 45 occurrences in my online literature base, all but four were variations of the model: <> ``The love with which Christendom has clothed herself is the love for the paramours of Babylon the Great, the political and social elements of this world, with whom she has committed religious fornication.'' [w82 12/15] :paraphrase Bible: A Bible translation rendered in a style that is consciously unliteral, in an effort to translate and explain simultaneously. Although sometimes interesting, they usually do a rather poor job of both, and must be used with caution in full recognition of the fact that they insert ideas that are not in the original. :part: An assigned segment of a meeting. <> ``I have to prepare my part for the Service Meeting.'' :partaker: One who shares in eating the bread and drinking the wine served at the annual {Memorial}, thus one who is {anointed}. <> ``Brother Kidding has been a partaker of the emblems for only two years.'' :pastor: Literally a shepherd or herdsman. The word is used as a title by Protestant clergymen, in a manner similar to {reverend}. Charles Taze Russell came to be called Pastor Russell by his associates because of the work he did in shepherding the congregation of God, a designation that he accepted. (Eph 4:11) It was not a self-assumed title. Today Jehovah's Witnesses never use expressions such as `pastor' or `elder' as titles, as is done by Christendom's clergy. (See [jv] page 54.) :PC: 1. Acronym for `personal computer', an expensive toy regarded as a powerful tool and a necessity by many Witnesses in affluent countries. Advocacy among some users approaches a subreligion. To some people the term PC is an abbreviation for *IBM*-PC},[93] the default computer, in much the same way that some uninformed persons automatically associate the terms `Christian' and `Catholic'. This religion is sometimes referred to as `Microsoftolatry'. Like its Roman counterpart, it is a religion of great age, steeped in complex ritual and tradition, and it commands the loyalty of the greater number of devotees. The Protestant reformers are the owners of Apple Macintoshes who believe that the best computer is one that requires you to know and do as little as possible, but users must be willing to pay a great deal of money for that freedom. Of course this metaphor would not be complete without the nutty and annoying but distinctly vocal Amiga users. They claim their computers are capable of doing more than expensive traditional computer can, can do it better, and always could, and they can demonstrate it with their enormous library of high quality public domain software, available {without charge}. But hardly anyone takes them seriously. We all know what non-Catholic and non-Protestant Christian religion such behavior correlates to. 2. Acronym for {politically correct}. [93] Usually a clone rather than one made by IBM. :PCS: Acronym for `politically correct speech'. :peak: A peak is a highest recorded number, e.g., in meeting or assembly attendance, number of pioneers, and publishers. <> ``The tiny island of Lavaland experienced its 16th consecutive peak month of publishers, with a total of 17.'' :peer pressure: A form of the {fear of man} that causes one to yield to his social equals, e.g, those of the same age, or those with whom he has frequent contact. The expression is almost always applied to the problems young people have in dealing with others their own age, because a strong desire to be liked and accepted by others is characteristic of youth. However, adults are by no means immune to peer pressure, as even the apostle Peter demonstrated. (Gal 2:11-14) [This is especially powerful in keeping JWs orthodox; any JW who discovers that The Truth is not the truth faces the loss of all friends and family; peer pressure prevents even minor questioning -ed] :penned: A stuffy way of saying `wrote with a pen', usually found in past tense, because it is most often used in attributing some verbiage to a Bible scribe. To me it conveys a picture of a bearded wise man deep in thought while sitting at a table with a quill and parchment laboring late into the night. <> ``Those words were penned by the apostle Paul while in prison.'' Most modern writers use a computer rather than a pen. Hmm. <> ``The following thoughts were word processed by ...'' It loses some of the poetic flavor that way, doesn't it? :perfect, perfection: In the Bible `perfection' is applied to things that are complete, full grown, or mature. Only Jehovah is absolutely perfect to an infinite degree, without limitation. (Deu 32:4.) The perfection of any other person or thing is relative to the purpose for which it is made according to the design of its maker. <> ``The efficient Bethel printery produces thousands of perfect books daily.'' All the signatures and pages in the right order, the covers are tightly bound, the ink is not smeared, etc. It does not mean that they will never wear out. :persecution: Harassment or injury that is deliberately inflicted on persons because of social status, racial origin, or religious faith and beliefs. <> ``Jehovah's Witnesses have been the most severely persecuted people in history.'' (See [jv], chapter 29.) :personal dedication: See {dedication}. :personal goal: See {goal}. :personal study: Bible study done on one's own, something very necessary for anyone hoping to develop a personal relationship with the Creator. The Truth is a `reading and writing religion', as one circuit overseer put it. Accordingly, the {faithful and discreet slave} has provided an abundance of printed aids to assist serious Bible students in their quest for deeper understanding. <> ``To make progress in personal study one needs to establish a schedule for it and then stick to it.'' :Personnel Committee: A subcommittee of the {Governing Body} that has oversight of arrangements for personal and spiritual assistance to members of {Bethel families}, and also invites new ones to enter {Bethel service}. :pew: A bench-style seat in a church providing seating for several persons. It is reported that in some churches generous contributors get their own pews with a sign on it saying something like <> ``This pew provided by the generosity of Dr. and Mrs. B. Worthalot von Humptydump.'' This type of seating is not commonly found any more except in churches. Kingdom Halls in the USA usually have theater style seats or individual chairs. However, there is an {assembly hall} in upper Manhattan that was converted from a synagogue which has bench style seats.[94] [94] As of 1976, the last time I saw it. :piodormantis: A mock-Latin term formed from the words `pioneer' and `dormant', pronounced `pi-o-DOOR-man-tis'. An affliction sometimes seen among pioneers late in the service day. The main symptoms are a desire to make return visits a great distance from one another, preferably someone else's, and to wait in the car while someone else makes the call. :pioneer: A full-time preacher of the {Kingdom good news}. (See also {auxiliary pioneer}, {regular pioneer}, {special pioneer}.) :pioneer for a day: Occasionally {publishers} will dedicate a full day to working in field service in the same manner as {pioneers}. On such occasions they sometimes use the expression `pioneering for a day' to describe it. Sometimes announcements are even heard from the {platform} encouraging persons to consider doing this. Whereas it is a fine thing to expend some extra effort in the field, this form of service is not something sponsored by the Society. Persons should use the expression judiciously, if at all. :pioneer rates [obs]: Until recently (and still true in places outside the USA), it was standard procedure to make literature obtained by pioneers from the Kingdom Hall or at assemblies available to them at `pioneer rates', i.e., a cost that was less than what was asked of {publishers}. Now that we offer the literature in service {without charge}, all persons, publishers and pioneers alike, likewise obtain it from the literature counter without charge. Therefore there are no longer any special pioneer rates for literature in this part of the world. :Pioneer Service School: A training school for {regular pioneers} who have completed at least one year of pioneering. Also sometimes called `Pioneer Ministry School'. :PIT: Acronym for `pioneer in training', and pronounced as the word `pit'. It is sometimes applied to zealous children. <> ``His children are the PITs in the congregation.''[95] [95] The expression is a play on the American slang term `the pits', meaning something very low class. <> ``This cheap hotel is really the pits.'' :pit stop: An interruption in {service} to get a cup of coffee or a snack or to care for other personal urges. The term is derived from auto racing, wherein drivers must pull in to gas up and change parts. <> ``Let's make a pit stop while we plan our return visits.'' :placement: A piece of literature left with an interested person and counted on the monthly field service report. <> ``When the Society switched to the donation arrangement, placements went up across the country.'' :platform: The Kingdom Hall (or assembly or convention) stage, where speakers give their talks. (Compare Neh 8:4.) <> ``Brother Laborate has two demonstrations and a group discussion on his part tonight, so we need two brothers to work the platform.'' Hall platforms are generally elevated about two steps, though this is not required, and assembly platforms are usually stage height, elevated four to six steps. :Pledge of Allegiance: A prescribed set of worshipful words to be spoken in tribute to the national emblem of the United States on various patriotic occasions, and in most places by children at the beginning of each school day. It is called `the Pledge' for short. Jehovah's Witnesses regard such ceremonies as an act of idolatry. Although we do not prevent others from doing it, we ourselves conscientiously refuse to participate in all such patriotic ceremonies. <> ``One of the most difficult tests that children of Jehovah's Witnesses have to face is the daily Pledge ceremony at school, because their nonparticipation often provokes hostile behavior on the part of other children and teachers alike.'' (See also {national anthem}. :pneuma: Transliteration of the Greek word "pneu'ma", meaning `spirit'. Most people pronounce it `NEW-ma'. The `pneu-' is the same as in `pneumatic' and `pneumonia', English words derived from the same Greek word. At the Kingdom Ministry School I attended in 1975, the instructor, a long-time Bethelite, insisted that the proper pronunciation is: `^p_NEV-ma'. Yes, you read that right. The `p' is raised because it *is* pronounced, though barely, by a mere touching of the lips, and the `neu' becomes `nev' as in `never'. You say you don't believe it? The instructor told us this is how Brother Ganges, the Greek brother on the Governing Body, taught him to say it. He drilled the class; we sat there and repeated it at least 25 times while he conducted us like an orchestra, so that we would never forget. I have indeed never forgotten. But guess how I pronounce it when faced with it in public reading? I say NEW-ma because it is easier than either stopping to explain and becoming regarded as a pedant or plunging on and being thought of as an idiot. (See also {psyche}.) :PO: Acronym for `presiding overseer'. <> ``Brother Doalot is moving, so we need to select a new PO.'' :podium: 1. Another term for {lectern}, the desk that brothers stand behind to give talks from. A dictionary lists `podium' and `lectern' as synonymous. I have always used `podium' myself. However, a friend who has worked the {platform} on every circuit and district assembly for at least the last twelve years tells me they *always* call it a `lectern', and reserve podium to mean what is described in the next definition, namely: 2. Another term for {platform}, the stage that speakers stand *on*[96] to speak to the assembled ones. [96] As contrasted with standing *behind*. :poetry: Writing that portrays experiences in language rich in meaning, imagery, sound, and rhythm so as to provoke an emotional response similar to that of music. Unfortunately, most of what is claimed as poetry falls short of that definition. Some speakers have an unfortunate penchant for concluding talks by reaching into their coat pockets to retrieve a tattered and oft-folded piece of paper that contains a few favorite lines and reading them. The better examples can be instructive, upbuilding, and even humorous, but should not be confused with real poetry. Some are real groaners, and at worst are embarrassing tear-jerkers. <> ``And to conclude this talk about resurrection I'd like to read to you the following poem, entitled "My Mom".'' :politically correct speech: Euphemistic verbiage ostensibly designed to avoid offending others, particularly minorities. Jehovah's Witnesses, who are sensitive to the feelings of others, are willing to call people by whatever labels they prefer, as long as there is nothing intrinsically unscriptural about them. Otherwise, we feel no obligation to go along with what is essentially a worldly trend that is subject to abuses, and is sometimes itself offensive. The question of whether to use PCS is more than a mere linguistic problem: it is thoroughly political. Witnesses, who do not directly involve themselves in the struggles of this world, should be careful to avoid suggesting by their speech that they are inclined otherwise. Some PC terms do not necessarily make sense. The most common variety have to do with racial labels. For instance, there are the terms `white', `black', and `Afro-American'. Most so-called white people are closer to pink, most black people are closer to brown, and some are nearly `white'. Many Afro-Americans have never been any closer to Africa than the inner city they were born in, and neither were their parents or grandparents. A more provocative question is *why* such labels should be used at all. For instance, it is a *very bad* habit of some white people, including Witnesses, to unthinkingly say things like <> ``A black brother from a neighboring congregation gave the talk in our Hall last week.'' Fine, but was there some special reason to mention the brother's race? Why? Was it to send a message that it is remarkable that a *black* brother can perform such a feat? (That *is* what some people think.) Would the same commenter just as readily have said ``A *white* brother ...''? Probably not. Persons who have this habit should break it! <> ``Oh, so that was your friend you've been telling me all about? You never mentioned that she was black!'' ``Was I supposed to?'' One valid purpose for using labels is for identification. <> ``The black brother over there was asking about you.'' There are ten brothers standing `over there'; only one is black. STORIES: 1. I once heard a brother on the {GB} give a talk where he repeatedly called Japanese people ``the Japs'', the abrupt truncation that was applied to them during WWII, when Japan and the USA were at war, and therefore enemies. 2. On a District Assembly drama about 1975 I heard the line ``Your kids are running around the Hall like a bunch of wild Indians!'' A sister in our congregation who is 80% Cherokee and had been raised on the reservation nearly fell out of first her chair and then the Truth. (Compare {stumble}.) 3. In about 1975 I conducted the questions for baptism with a group of about six or eight persons at one time.[97] One of the candidates was a Jewish woman who had suffered terribly in Nazi concentration camps during WWII. In the course of the discussion I covered Isa 43:10-12 to show where the modern organization got its name. I said words to the effect ``Think of it --- the ancient *Jews* were Jehovah's Witnesses.'' The woman glared at me. At 7:30 AM on the Saturday of the baptism she called me at home to ask me directly: ``What did you mean by that comment?'' I had some serious explaining to do to assure her it was not intended as a racial slur. [97] We deal with them individually now. Besides, having that many ready at one time in a single congregation has become very rare in these parts. QUOTES: In collecting notes for this entry I acquired a file of nearly 4000 lines. I was unable to use everyone's input, but a few notable quotes were left over that I could not leave out. o If DeKlerk (a white political leader from South Africa) immigrated from South Africa, would he be considered African-American? [Sister from Washington] o Terms that associate people with particular races, cultures, and nationalities do not unite people, but only serve to divide them further than they already are. [{DO} at circuit assembly] o PC stands for `petty cry babies'. [TV show] o Being offended is becoming our national pastime. [same TV show] o Nationalism is a virtual reality based on a belief system. [Brother in California] o I regard being politically correct as the McCarthyism of the '80s and '90s. [Colleague at work] o Politically correct speech has destroyed freedom of speech. [Newspaper article] o In Europe PCS is always treated as a joke. [Brother from Scotland] [This identification with right-wing attitudes appears to be a breach in the usual attempt to differentiate themselves from everybody else -ed[ :politics: The art or science of winning and controlling people, especially by means of government. Jehovah's Witnesses are neutral to the political affairs of this world, knowing that the entire world, including its governments, is being managed by none other than Satan the Devil. (1 Jo5:19, Rev 13:2.) On the other hand, being neutral is not the same as being uninformed. Nor does it mean being isolated from the world as in a monastery. Christians obtain information from the news media in order to be aware of what is going on in the world around them. Being knowledgeable about current events and issues better equips them to present the {good news} to those willing to listen. (Compare 1 Pe 3:15.) :Pope: 1. The head of the Roman Catholic church, regarded by Catholics as God's personal representative. 2. A man regarded by non-Catholics as an old Polish guy who wears a big hat and a dress. Sometimes scatologically referred to as ``the Poop''. :praise: Commendation, glorification or worship attributed to another, especially toward God. It is not wrong to commend another person for work well done. (Compare 1 Co 11:2.) However, true Christians do not go around giving special honors and awards to humans, as is common in the {world}. (Compare Rom 12:2.) All worshipful honor should be directed toward our Creator, Jehovah God. (Psa 150:6) One sister, known for getting her words jumbled, once said: <> ``That Jehovah is just *wonderful*, God bless him!'' :prayer: Respectful communication offered to God. The subject of prayer can be anything that affects one's spirituality, and anything that is in harmony with Jehovah's own will. (1 Jo 5:14) Some insincere persons address God only when they want to get something from him, and rarely if ever simply to offer thanks or praise. God does not grant all requests, even sincere ones offered properly and in faith. <> ``It has often been remarked that sometimes the answer to a prayer is `No'!'' Or as Mick Jagger put it in a song: ``You can't always get what you want. But you get what you need.'' :preach, teach: To `preach' is to speak to people about the {Kingdom good news}, regardless of whether they accept what they are told. `Teaching' in that teaching involves instruction, explanation, and proofs; thus those we teach are those who listen to the {Kingdom message}, accept it, and continue to seek further information about it. (See [jv], page 572.) <> ``Peter tells us that after his resurrection, Jesus preached to the spirits in prison.'' (1 Pe 3:19) <> ``All Christians are obligated to master the Truth well enough to teach it to others.'' (Mat 28:19,, 20) :preacher: One who preaches, i.e., speaks to unbelievers about {Kingdom good news}. The Bible commands all Christians to be preachers. In Christendom the word has come to be associated mainly with {clergymen}, especially the fiery type found in Baptist, Pentecostal and Fundamentalist churches who tend to get carried away by their own showy oratory. :predestination: See {destiny}. :premature expectations: A euphemism for a bad guess. A buzz phrase found in the Society's publications to explain the cause of disappointment encountered when people attach too much importance to the anticipation of seeing certain hopes realized in connection with {dates}. <> ``After 1975 some persons stopped serving Jehovah when their expectations concerning the end of this system of things proved to be premature.'' The expression is used numerous times in the "Proclaimers" book [jv], where the Society openly admits its own part in fostering this misunderstanding. [The words 'openly admit' should have an extra dose of salt added -ed] :presence: English translation for the Greek word "parousia", the period of time that commenced in 1914, when Christ began ruling from the heavens as King, and continues to this day. Some older translations inaccurately translate it as `coming', thereby focusing on the moment of Christ's arrival, rather on the extended time period that follows. <> ``Religious nuts who carry around signs warning that Christ is coming would be surprised to learn that Christ came and has been present for over 80 years.'' :present truth: Our scriptural beliefs at this time. The expression is not intended to suggest that truth itself changes, but rather that our understanding of it is progressive. (See [jv], page 121.) <> ``It is foolish not to keep up to date with present truth, and dangerous to push ahead of it.'' :presentation: 1. What we have prepared to say in service. <> ``I would like to practice my presentation; would you please act as my householder?'' 2. The talk given in service itself. <> ``I enjoyed the flexibility you showed in your presentation at the last door.'' :preside: Literally, to stand before. Any elder who is conducting a meeting, or currently on the platform, is in a sense presiding at that moment. (Rom 12:8, 1 Ti 5:17) However, see {presiding overseer}. :president: Various members of the {Governing Body} double as officers of legal corporations used by the {faithful and discreet slave} throughout the earth. The president holds that office only for legal reasons, but is an equal member of the Governing Body. <> ``Brother Milton Henschel became president of the Society when Brother Franz died.'' <> ``There were only four presidents of the Watchtower Society in its first 100 years.'' [Until 1976, the President *was* the Faithful & Discreet Slave; the GB when convened, acted solely as a rubber-stamping politburo -ed] :presiding overseer: The elder who serves as {chairman} at meetings of the {body of elders}, and coordinates many other congregation activities. He is an equal with all the other elders, not one who ranks above them. :privilege: 1. A right granted as a benefit, advantage, or favor, a special honor. Jehovah's people regard all assignments of service in his organization, no matter how lowly, as *privileges*, not as burdensome responsibilities. <> ``This weekend it will be our book study's privilege to clean the Kingdom Hall.'' 2. When used in the plural it sometimes refers to the basic rights of service that most persons in {good standing} enjoy, e.g., to comment at meetings, participate in meeting parts, and for brothers, to offer public prayer. A person can lose some or all of these as a result of judicial discipline. <> ``Brother Slipup has had his privileges restored, and so may now comment at meetings again.'' Often misspelled as privile*d*ge. Boo, hiss! (See also {restrictions}.) :probation [obs]: A period of testing and trial to ascertain fitness. Formerly, the time following {judicial action}, during which a brother's {privileges} are {restricted}, was regarded as a period of being `on probation'. We no longer use this term. :professed Christian: To profess something means to openly admit or claim it. Thus a professed Christian is one who claims by his own mouth to be a Christian. The expression is usually used to hint that there is notable evidence to the contrary. It is well-known and scripturally correct to say that not all who make the claim of being Christian are recognized as such by Christ himself. (Mat 7:21-23) However, we leave the matter of judging individuals to Jesus himself. <> ``By the fourth century, apostate practices were already commonplace. Not a few professed Christians were members of the Roman army.'' (See [w92 6/15], page 30.) NOTE: In searching my literature database for this phrase, I noted several variations. The most common were: <> ``professing to believe in God'', ``professing to be God's congregation'', ``professing to be anointed Christians'', and ``professing adherence to the Law of Moses.'' :progressive: 1. Forward-moving. Jehovah's organization is characterized as progressive because it is constantly working, changing, and adapting to newly understood truths and changing conditions in the world in order to accomplish God's work. This trait constitutes a pronounced contrast with the cataleptically stodgy religious organizations of Christendom. 2. A Bible study is considered progressive if the student makes real advancement in a reasonable period of time. :pronunciation: The act of saying the component sounds of spoken language. It should be a goal of all Christians to pronounce words according to current accepted practice so as to avoid conveying the impression of being ignorant or illiterate. (1 Ti 4:13) Unfortunately, this does not always happen. Worse yet, mispronunciations often propagate themselves. (See [sg], page 30, Hab 2:2.) Several prominent examples are noted throughout this "Glossary". A brother once gave a Service Meeting talk about pronunciation in which he said: <> ``You's gots ta loin ta pernunciate da woids good.'' The same brother once read 1 Th 5:17 as ``Pray inconsistently.'' Boo! Hiss! Terrible! Recently our presiding overseer said on a Service Meeting part <> ``Some gringos have a thick tongue and can only pernounce[98] certain letters, so need lots of practice.'' [98] Another unfortunate variation on `pronunciation' itself is pro*noun*ciation. Listeners tend to be forgiving of speakers who are natively {foreign speaking}, recognizing that their accent is a case of mitigating circumstances. One much-loved now-departed brother from India used to give answers that sounded like: Guvf vf n pnrfne-ebgngrq trarevp nafjre jvgu gur anzr bs Jehovah haebgngrq, nyfb gur lrne 1914, naq bs pbhefr jr zhfg raq jvgu Jesus Christ![99] [99] Can you solve the riddle of this quote? We always commended him for his zealous participation. However, everyone should strive to improve. If you were a missionary, would you be content to barely struggle along in a new language? NOTE: A frequent problem area is Bible names and places. People get the accents wrong even when they are explicitly marked in the {NTW}. The "All Scripture" book ([si] page 325, par. 27 and 28) provides a good explanation. :prophecy, prophesy, prophet: To `prophesy' is to speak God's words in his behalf by divine inspiration. Often this includes predicting the future, but not necessarily. A prediction made by prophesying is a `prophecy'. One who announces prophecies is a `prophet'. <> ``Prophets prophesy prophecies.'' God's people today are collectively acting as his prophets. (See Act 2:17.) But they are not inspired in the same sense as the prophets who wrote Bible books, and they do not go around declaring themselves to be prophets. [More word-play. The WatchTower Society has made countless predictions, all in God's name, and with the force of excommunication for any who doubted them, yet are 'not prophets' -ed] Only God can know the future with certainty, and his prophecies are unerring. Persons presuming to speak in the name of God and under the influence of his spirit, but whose predictions do not come true, thereby prove themselves to be false prophets. Persons claiming to speak from God whose predictions do come true are not *necessarily* prophets. They may be {lucky} guessers. <> ``Some persons have described prophecy as history written in advance.'' :Protestant: 1. A member of one of the thousands of sects of Christendom that splintered off the original apostate Roman Catholic church. They acquired the name because originally they protested the abuses of the parent church, more than because of differences in understanding of scriptural doctrine. Although the movement led in 1517 to the period called the Reformation, it did very little to reform anything. Most of the unscriptural teachings and traditions that form the foundation of these religions remain intact in both Protestantism and Catholicism to this day. 2. Literally one who protests. However, the word `protester' is used to describe the run-of-the-mill rebel. Because Jehovah's Witnesses do not get involved in social or political struggles, they are not usually viewed as protesters, even though their beliefs are unpopular and not mainstream, and they openly proclaim that God's Kingdom will overthrow mankind's governments. :psyche: Transliteration of the Greek word "psy.khe'", meaning `soul'. The English equivalent is pronounced `SEYE-kee'. At the same Kingdom Ministry School mentioned under {pneuma}, we had it drilled into us that the proper *Greek* pronunciation is: ^p_see-KHEE. The `p' is raised because it is barely pronounced, by a touching of the lips, and the consonant in the second syllable is slightly guttural. :Public Meeting: The meeting at which an {elder} or qualified {ministerial servant} gives a {public talk}. So called because new persons and also the public in general are invited. Of course, such persons are welcome at our other meetings as well, but it is the Public Meeting that specially addresses their needs. :public reproof [obs]: See {reproof}. A term that formerly described the act of `reproving before all onlookers' (1 Ti 5:20) where a public announcement is read to the congregation that a judicial matter has been handled. Although the term is obsolete, many people persist in using it. <> ``That brother was publicly reproved last month.'' Bzzzt, wrong! The reproof itself took place in private, but a public announcement was made of that fact. NOTE: Even worse is the expression `on reproof', and still worse `put on reproof'. <> ``Brother Beaten is on reproof'', apparently intended to mean that the brother is operating under {restrictions}. I am not sure if the term was ever considered acceptable. These phrases are probably holdovers from the days of {probation}. :public speaker: A brother who gives a {public talk}. :public talk, public discourse: 1. A 45-minute Bible lecture, designed to be of interest to new ones, held in conjunction with the {Watchtower Study}. 2. Sometimes used to mean the meeting itself, which is formally called the {Public Meeting}. <> ``Attendance at the public talk has been over 100% lately.'' :public witnessing: Preaching that is done in view of people in general. The expression calls to mind the fact that we are exposed and on view to others when engaged in {the work}. (1 Co 4:9) <> ``It is important to look and act our best when going in public witnessing.'' :publication: An individual case of a published work. Each publication has a different title. <> ``I left two copies of each of three publications with my new Bible study so she could share them with her husband.'' :publication names: These have not been listed in this "Glossary", but some have been referred to using the {Society's} {publication symbol}, and a few have been quoted. NOTE: Many {publications}, especially those with long titles, acquire one- or two-word abbreviated nicknames. Thus we speak about the "Evolution" book [ev], the "Truth" book [tr], the "Aid" book [ad], the "Live Forever" book [pe], the "Creation" book [ce], the "Insight" book [it], the "Reasoning" book [rs], and so forth. :publication symbol, publication code: The unique abbreviation used by the {Society} to identify each publication, sometimes with a hyphenated extension to identify the language. <> ``The English version of the book "Jehovah's Witnesses --- Proclaimers of God's Kingdom" is identified by the symbol [jv-E].''[100] Sometimes `publication *code*' is used, but the word *symbol* is used in the explanation section of the "Watchtower Publications Index 1930-1985". [100] I have added the square brackets around publication codes in this book to make them stand out better, particularly in the text file extraction. The use of brackets is not standard. :publisher: 1. Anyone who participates in the sharing of the {Kingdom good news} along with the congregation (having a {publisher record card}), whether baptized or not, whether {regular} or {irregular}, but not {inactive}, and including {pioneers}. <> ``Our congregation has 100 publishers, including ten regular pioneers.'' 2. Term used to distinguish ordinary preachers from those with full-time assignments. <> ``Are you a pioneer?'' ``No, I'm a publisher.'' Compare with <> ``Are you a publisher?'' ``Yes, I'm a pioneer.'' Both are plausible responses. NOTE: Some people will say ``No, I'm *just* a publisher.'' Publishers should never feel the need to use self-deprecating expressions about their contributions to the work. (Compare {servant}.) :Publisher Record card: (Notice mixed capitalization.) The congregation record of a {publisher's} field activity, kept by the {secretary}. Although any publisher may see his own card, it is the congregation's property, and he may not keep it. <> ``When changing congregations be sure and notify the secretaries of both congregations so that your Publisher Record card gets transferred.'' :Publishing Committee: A subcommittee of the {Governing Body} that supervises printing, publishing, factory operation, and legal and business matters. :pure language: The universal language of divine truth that all of Jehovah's Witnesses throughout the world speak, whatever tongue they happen to speak it in. The phrase is taken from Zep 3:9. <> ``Theocratese is firmly rooted in the pure language of truth.'' :pure worship: Largely synonymous with {true worship}. Calling it pure draws attention to the fact that it is not contaminated with false {Babylonish} teachings, and that the open practice of unscriptural and immoral practices on the part of its adherents is not tolerated. :purple triangle: 1. A garment patch Jehovah's Witnesses were required to wear as an identifying mark while in Nazi concentration camps. 2. "Purple Triangles" is the name of a video production about the integrity of a Witness family in Germany during the Nazi era. :push ahead: To propagate what one perceives as `new truth' in the form of teaching or changes in practice apart from the congregation as a whole. Jehovah's progressive organization unitedly applies changes in understanding and procedure synchronously. It is important for persons to keep up with the latest understanding of things so as not to become outdated. Similarly, it is important that persons not move ahead of the organization, although one may think there is good scriptural reason to do so,[101] because it causes disunity. <> ``In John's second letter he warns that presumptuously pushing ahead is a form of apostasy.'' (2 Jo 1:9-11. See also 1 Sa 15:23.) [101] Though often there is not! === Q === :QB: Acronym for {quick build}. :Question Box: A short column that answers a current service oriented question, a frequent feature of {Our Kingdom Ministry}. :questions for study: See {study questions}. :Questions from Readers: A short article that answers a reader's Bible question, published near the back of many editions of {The Watchtower}. :quick build, quickly built: `Quick build' is used as a compound noun to describe a Kingdom Hall that was built in a very short amount of time, sometimes in a single weekend, using advanced planning methods developed by the {Society}. <> ``We're doing a quick build down in Tucson next month.'' Sometimes the quickness of the build is more a matter of spirit and intent than reality due to uncontrollable circumstances. <> ``Our quick build took over three months to complete because of the inspections required by the city.'' The more grammatical form `quickly built' appears in the Society's literature, always as a modifier. <> ``Three brand new quickly built Kingdom Halls were erected within the same circuit last year.'' But most people use `quick build' as a noun, as in the first two examples. :quotes: Double quotes: ``...'' are used in written matter to surround expressions when the writer wants to distance himself from a term, as if to say ``so-called'', i.e., ``This is what some people would say, but not necessarily me.''[102] For instance <> ``Aunt Bertha anxiously awaited the visit of `Reverend' Muneesuck.'' He and others may regard the man as reverend,[103] and others may use the title without thinking about its meaning, but *we* certainly don't and won't. Though easily overdone, this use of quotes is frequent among Jehovah's Witnesses, who prefer to disassociate themselves from almost everything that is a part of this world. [102] Because of the special needs of this "Glossary", I have used single quotes: `...' for that purpose. [103] `Reverend' means `worthy of profound adoring awed respect'. === R === :ransom: A price paid to release someone or something from capture. The teaching that Jesus Christ came to earth to live as a man, and die sacrificially, giving his perfect life in exchange for the redemption of all mankind, is one of the primary doctrines of the Bible. (Heb 6:1, Mat 20:28) :rap: A form of American popular music wherein the lyrics are rhythmically chanted over a wallpaper background rather than sung melodically. The style has been nurtured particularly by inner city youths, among whom it is touted as a significant art form. Like other styles of popular music, it has been used as a teaching device by Satan to promote the ideals of rebellion and immorality. Some people believe that even if this kind of music were used exclusively to sing God's praises and preach the truth of his Word, it would still be singularly ugly. :rating: The system of classifying films by content so as to warn the public about material that may shock or offend some viewers or that may be considered unsuitable for children. The ratings range from G (for general audiences) to XXX (hard core pornography). The key issues that the ratings board look at are subject matter, language, violence, and sexual content, including nudity. Individual tolerance levels vary, but the general consensus among Witnesses in the USA seems to be that most people find movies rated PG-13 (parental guidance recommended, no one under 13 admitted without a parent) to be about as raunchy as they can handle. Not a few avoid anything stronger than PG (parental guidance recommended), and some refuse to see anything that is not rated G. Unfortunately, the rating system itself is not consistent, and some films are hard to classify. Also, a milder rating is no guarantee at all of the quality of a film, any more than it can be said that a film with a stronger rating lacks quality. The ratings are based solely on the items listed above. :reach out: To put forth effort to make notable advancement, usually to achieve some specific goal. (Compare 1 Ti 4:15, 1 Ti 3:1.) It is not only those seeking special appointments of service who reach out. Each person must continuously set reasonable {personal goals} in order to obtain Christian {maturity}, become more pleasing to Jehovah, and gain proficiency in doing his work. <> ``It is recommended that children begin to reach out for the pioneer service while they are still very young rather than first thinking about it when they are nearly out of school and starting to wonder what they will be doing with their lives.'' :README: The usual name for a computer file that is put in a directory of collected items, intended to guide the explorer to look there for information as to what it is all about. :rebaptism: The process of getting {baptized} for a second time. This is necessary only in cases where a person realizes that his first baptism was not performed according to scriptural requirements. (See [g94 1/8], pp. 26, 27.) :rebuke: Sharply expressed disapproval. In contrast with a {reproof}, a rebuke may be a censure without any laying bare of fault by the presentation of evidence. <> ``Jesus rebuked [the demon], saying: `Be silent, and come on out of him!''' (Mar 1:25) It was like saying ``Shut up and get out!'' He didn't mince his words, didn't say please, and didn't bother to explain himself. :recreation: Activity that provides refreshment or diversion, especially following a period of work. Modern people often associate it with {entertainment}, but entertainment is only one form of recreation. Most anything that constitutes a change of pace may be considered recreation, even if it is pursued strenuously. Participating in a sport, camping and hiking, exercise, reading, going out to dinner, having friends over for conversation, practicing music, and pursuing a hobby are all forms of recreation. Some serious-minded people believe recreation is a necessary evil, and that a very little bit should go a very long way. Others plan their lives around their desire to have fun. The word recreation is not used in NW, but the concept is certainly there. (Compare Ecc 2:24, 3:13.) Because 20th century people are obsessed by recreation, especially in this country, it is a frequent topic for articles in the Society's literature. It should also be noted that the Bible teaches that Christian discipleship is itself a form of refreshment, not a burdensome chore that one needs to take an occasional break from. (Mat 11:28, 29) :Reference Bible: Short name for the publication "New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures With References". [Rbi8] :Regional: Short for {Regional Building Committee}. Sometimes just the single word is used for short to designate the committee, all who work under them, and their activities. <> ``The Regional is taking over control of our Hall rennovations.'' :Regional Building Committee: A group of elders, many with experience in matters pertaining to the construction of buildings, trained to develop methods of building {Kingdom Halls} quickly. These groups now supervise and lend assistance to most {quick build} projects. :Regional Engineering Office: Offices that operate in Japan, Europe, and Australia, to handle technical construction matters of design, blueprints, and the like. :regular auxiliary pioneer: See {auxiliary pioneer}. :regular pioneer: A full-time preacher of the {Kingdom good news} who agrees to reach a goal of 1000 hours of {field service} time in a year. :regular publisher: A {publisher} who has turned in a field {report} for each of the last six months or more consecutively. (Compare {active publisher} and {inactive publisher}.) :reinstatement: The action of restoring to the congregation a disfellowshipped person who demonstrates repentance. <> ``Because he has taken every conceivable step to right the wrongs he committed two years ago, we believe it is now appropriate to recommend we accept his request for reinstatement.'' :rejoice: To feel joy. `Rejoice' can also be used with an object, meaning to cause joy. <> ``This great gathering of loyal subjects must surely rejoice God's heart.'' This form is less often heard, but is perfectly legitimate. :release: 1. A new {publication}. The {Society} uses conventions to time the launching of new printed materials for our use. Each new one is referred to as a release. <> ``We got three new releases at the district convention.'' 2. To make a new publication available. <> ``Brothers who own personal computers were excited when the Society announced that it would release much of our literature on CD-ROM.'' :release talk: A {district convention} talk designed to preface the {release} of a new {publication}. It is not advertised in advance that a new release will follow the talk because the Governing Body likes people to be surprised, in order to heighten the impact. However, word spreads rapidly from the earlier assemblies, so that by mid-summer most people, except those who like surprises and have asked not to be told in advance, know what is coming and when. <> ``My husband is giving the Saturday morning release talk at the assembly next week.'' Ahem. How does she know, and since the information is supposed to be confidential, why is she telling others about it? (See the last bullet under {neoproverb}.) :religion: Service to and worship of God. The word is a perfectly good one, and nowadays is used freely in connection with {true worship}. However, it has negative connotations in the minds of some people. Before 1950 it was regarded by Witnesses as essentially synonymous with *false* {organized religion}. <> ``In 1938 Witnesses paraded through the streets wearing sandwich signs that said `Religion is a snare and a racket!''' (See the footnote on page 567 of [jv].) :religion bashing: The practice of speaking sarcastically, jokingly, critically, or otherwise negatively about false religion. This is the favorite sport of Jehovah's Witnesses, an activity that sometimes leaves them limp and exhausted from laughter. (Compare Psa 2:4.) <> ``A priest, a minister and a rabbi were discussing how they divide up the contributions ...'' (Fill in your own favorite variation.) :religionist: An adherent to some religion. That generic definition would make Jehovah's Witnesses religionists. However, the Society's literature invariably uses the term to refer to others, e.g., religious professionals, hypocrites, scoundrels and fanatics. A scan of my online literature collection found 179 occurrences. *All* had the flavor of the examples: <> ``... the religionists, both Catholic and Protestant, are conspicuous for their arrogance, self-conceit, impiety and ungodliness.'' [w79 9/1] <> ``These anointed Christians, not the religionists of Christendom, ...'' [w94 12/15] <> ``Today Jesus' correctly taught followers do not join in with the religionists of Christendom in saying the spurious words: `Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever.''' [w64 4/15] :remnant: All of the remaining {spirit-anointed} ones living on earth at a given time as a collective whole. The default time is the present. <> ``The remnant numbers just a few thousand persons, according to the latest Yearbook.'' :rendezvous [obs]: A prearranged meeting place. The term formerly designated a place to meet for field service. The word is taken directly from the French language and is pronounced `RON-day-voo'. <> ``This week the rendezvous will be at the book study location.'' STORY: The reason for discontinuing the use of this term is probably because of its similarly to `tryst', i.e., an agreement between lovers to meet. One sister's unbelieving husband was upset whenever she told him she was headed off to a rendezvous, until he realized she didn't mean she was two-timing him. :repent, repentance: To repent is to change one's mind concerning some action or conduct, usually accompanied by a feeling of regret. When serious wrongdoing is committed by a Christian, it is not the magnitude of the wrong, but the manifestation of heartfelt repentance that determines whether that person may continue as an associate of the congregation. True repentance is a feeling that tells us if we had opportunity to do something all over again, we would do it differently. Therefore, it is foolhardy to plunge into a course of wrongdoing on the assumption that one will repent later. Yet, that seems to be the very thinking of persons who abandon their marriage mates for another, thinking that after some period of time they will be restored to the congregation in good standing. (Compare Gal 6:7.) :report: Short for {field service report}. Sometimes used by itself as a verb. <> ``She forgot to report last month.'' The sister did not turn in a field report. :reproof: That which is designed to convince others of their having erred, in order to move them to acknowledge their mistakes and correct these. This is accomplished largely by opening their minds and hearts to God's thinking on matters, exposing the wrongness of their course to the light of scripture. [it] (Compare {rebuke}.) NOTE: The word is frequently misunderstood and misused. (Compare {public reproof}.) :resolution, congregation resolution: 1. A decision, usually about the disposition of congregation funds, that is written out, voted on by the congregation before being enacted, and officially recorded. <> ``The congregation approved a resolution to help Sister Drippot pay for a new roof on her house.'' 2. Proclamations adopted at conventions and circulated throughout the world. On pages 426-7 of the "Proclaimers" book [jv] there is a discussion of seven resolutions adopted between 1922-8. A chart summarizing them is on page 261 of that book. :restrictions: A reduction of service {privileges} resulting from judicial discipline. <> ``We have decided to reinstate Brother Foulball, but feel it is necessary to impose full restrictions on his privileges.''[104] [104] One privilege that is never restricted is field service, because it is a command from God to preach to others. :resurrection: The Bible teaching that the billions of human dead, both the righteous and the unrighteous, will be brought back to life on earth. (Act 24:15) <> ``Everyone knows where babies come from, but where will the resurrected ones come from? Will they materialize out of thin air, grow out of the ground or what?'' This is a question about the New Order that many people are anxiously waiting to be answered. (But see {speculation}.) :return visit: 1. A second or later call upon a person who has previously shown interest in the {Kingdom message}. <> ``I have made at least twenty return visits on the man I met at a bus stop last year.'' 2. Sometimes the term is used to refer to the person himself. <> ``My return visit agreed to come to the meeting this Sunday.'' :Revelation: Literally `a revealing', the name of the last book of the Bible. Don't say (or write) `Revelation*S*' (plural).[105] John received only *one* Revelation. [105] The fact that many people who should know better do is why this reminder is necessary. :reverend: Worthy of profound adoring awed respect. The word is presumptuously assumed as a religious title by some of Christendom's clergy. <> ``The benediction for Saturday's Las Vegas Revelries Night will be offered by Reverend Lucky Lonnigan, and as a convenience for those who stay late, the Most Righteous Holy Reverend Mugsy O'Toole, will be available at the confessional.'' :robodog: An electronically wired guard dog. In a wealthy part of our territory, people have large fierce-looking dogs that are allowed to wander freely in their yards without any physical restraint to prevent them from running away, enabling them to approach and maul at will any God-fearing ministers headed up the walkway. The dogs have electronic devices attached to their collars that zap them when they get some electronically preset distance away from a monitoring device, theoretically discouraging them from going any further. I'm not sure what happens when the power fails. <> ``Mayday, mayday! Robodog at 10 o'clock!'' :Roman Catholic: See {Catholic}. :rotten review: Snidely humorous term for {written review}, probably originated because some people find written reviews difficult. Spoken entirely tongue-in-cheek, of course. NOTE: This term is rarely used by School overseers, and never from the platform! :route call: Someone who is visited regularly in {service} because he usually is willing to take the latest magazines. <> ``Let's drive down to the next street because I have three route calls there.'' (See {magazine route}.) :roving mikes: Microphones that are carried by {mike handlers} to persons who make comments at meetings from their seats. :Russellite: The {clergy} dubbed God's people Russellites, i.e., followers of Charles T. Russell, in harmony with their own tendency toward sectarianism. This name was never considered appropriate by Russell or more than a very few of his associates. Because it was never adopted it is not marked obsolete here. :rut call: Tongue-in-cheek variation of {route call}. It is usually applied to someone who has been visited regularly in service for an extended period of time, always takes the literature, and is willing to talk, but never progresses. <> ``I need to fill out my time for the morning. Let's make a rut call on Mr. Stoneheart.'' :RV: 1. Common acronym for {return visit}. <> ``I recorded six RVs this morning.'' 2. Also an acronym for `recreational vehicle', a behemoth and expensive transportation device that serves a dual purpose when owned by Witnesses. RVs may be used for camping and traveling, but more significantly, they are capable of delivering hordes of Witnesses to a territory site, like landing craft dumping marines on the beach at Normandy. <> ``I was able to pack 9 people into my RV for a morning of RVs.'' (A case of inefficient planning.) === S === :SAD: Acronym for {Special Assembly Day}. Despite the sound of it, it is not a sad occasion, but a happy one. :Sadducees: A religious sect of the Jews prominent in the first century. Every time we discuss them at a meeting, some cornball feels obligated to pun <> ``They didn't believe in the resurrection. THAT'S WHY THEY CALLED THEM *SAD, YOU SEE*!'' Sigh. The remark is inevitably followed by loud groans from at least one person in the congregation, frequently the reteller's adult daughter. No one actually laughs at this any more, except persons who are {new in the Truth} and so have never heard it before. :saith [obs]: See {common archaisms}. :salvation: 1. The saving of mankind from condemnation due to the inherited sin of Adam. This is accomplished through the {ransom} sacrifice of Jesus Christ. (Heb 9:26) At Phi 2:13 Paul tells us to `keep working out our own salvation'. Christians need to be allowed to obey this directive. Therefore, persons bearing a measure of authority, especially elders, should not feel obliged to lay down many rules for others to follow, or to try to live the lives of others. 2. I once knew someone who had a sign hanging above his bar at home that said `Work out your own salvation.' It was an invitation for people to pour drinks for themselves, using their own discretion as to how much is appropriate.[106] [106] The barkeep was not a brother. :sanctuary: 1. The most sacred part of a religious building; in a church, this is the auditorium-like room in which religious services are conducted. People in Christendom attach a great deal of importance to their edifices, sometimes declaring them to be `the house of God'. (But see Act 17:24.) A church sanctuary is usually a solemn place, sometimes extravagantly decorated to appeal to the emotions, where people speak in hushed tones if at all. In contrast, the main seating area of a Kingdom Hall is a well-lit friendly place of study, similar to a modern university classroom, where before and after meetings people mill freely, speaking normally, even laughing, and fully enjoying Christian association. 2. The ordinary meaning of `sanctuary' is a place of refuge and protection, sometimes including immunity from local law. This use is no different among Jehovah's Witnesses. :Satanism: The worship of Satan. There are more people than some readers might think who literally do this, complete with ritual sacrifices and other degraded religious practices. This is not surprising considering that John warned <> ``The whole world is lying in the power of the wicked one.'' (1 Jo 5:19) Satan's worshipers and others who knowingly or unknowingly serve Satan's purposes would do well to note Jehovah's promise to the Christian congregation: ``The God who gives peace will crush Satan under your feet shortly.'' (Rom 16:20) :Saturday: Throughout the USA Saturday is the first day of the so-called `weekend', a day that the most people have off from secular work. Therefore, Saturday is the biggest field service day. That is when the most people are out, and also when the most people can be found at home. :Says: `Says' is frequently used at the beginning of a sentence in the Society's literature, followed by a postpositive subject, and thus is capitalized in the head-word. I found it 309 times in my online literature collection. It may have been fashionable in the 19th century, but is rarely found in modern journalism. (Compare {exclamation point}.) This form is usually found in connection with the formal citation of a quote. <> ``Says the book "Raising Wombats for Fun and Profit" ...'' <> ``Says her admiring husband: `Four years and lots of rope ladders later, she now climbs them like a sailor.'''[107] [107] From an article in [w92 4/15]. Doesn't it provoke your curiosity to find out what the context was all about? :schedule: A timetable of events, a primary tool of time management. Jehovah's busy people need to know far in advance what is expected of them and when, so as to plan to participate, because declining an invitation to feast at Jehovah's table is not really a viable option. The cycle of meetings for each congregation is carefully planned and posted on a sign outside every Kingdom Hall.[108] Dates and times of assemblies, conventions, and visits of traveling brothers are published as far in advance as possible. That way people can work in vacations, and other personal plans around them. Still, conflicts inevitably arise. It is a real dilemma to know what to do when one has spent a large amount of money on tickets to some special event six months or more in advance, then to learn that the circuit overseer would like to meet with the body of elders on that night. <> ``It has often been said that the most important key to successful pioneering is to establish a workable schedule.'' [108] By Society directive. :School: Though Jehovah's Witnesses have many different schools, normally `the School' refers to the {Theocratic Ministry School}. :scripturally free: The Bible's teaching on sexual conduct within marriage is unequivocal. A person's status is described as `scripturally free' to remarry when that person o has never been married and is legally old enough to marry. o is a widow or widower. o has obtained a divorce on any legally recognized grounds (not necessarily adultery), and if the other mate has committed adultery - before the divorce, regardless of the legal grounds for divorce. - by remarrying, even though there was no sexual infidelity on the part of that person while they were together. :secretary: An elder on the {service committee} who handles important congregation records and written communications. <> ``The congregation secretary maintains publisher record cards, not the field overseer.'' :sect: A subdivided religious organization, one that has split off from another group as a result of differences of opinion or doctrine. Christendom's churches are divided into thousands of sects that are mostly the same except for minor organizational differences. Although sects are the accepted norm in Christendom, the Bible strongly condemns them. (See Gal 5:19, 20, 1 Co 1:10, Eph 4:4.) Some misinformed persons have mistakenly categorized Jehovah's Witnesses as a sect, or worse, as a form of Protestantism. (Compare {denomination}.) [The WTS fits in easily as a sect of the Millerite / SDA movement; it may also be considered as a sect, along with various remaining Rusellite groups, of the original pre-Rutherford WatchTower movement -ed] STORY: When I was a Congregationalist, the minister would take an eight week vacation every summer. So that people would not be left hanging, he would arrange to send the congregation across the street to the Methodist church for {interfaith} services. No one saw anything wrong with this routine. :secular: Relating to concerns or activities that are not directly related to spiritual pursuits. The most common use is in connection with one's means of making a living, which often puts him in extended contact with the world, usually in a commercial activity that serves to help fulfill the worldly objectives of employers. <> ``His secular job as an architect for an airline company requires him to travel all over the world and to be away from home for extended periods.'' Though a Witness' job may be considered secular, it certainly has great potential to affects his spirituality, depending on the amount of time and effort and the kinds of activity that job requires. :seed of doubt: A clich'ed metaphor, but a pretty good one. It expresses the way questions about the Truth can have small beginnings, like the tiny seed of a weed. If those questions are not resolved, doubts can germinate and grow, and can ultimately cause a person to lose faith in God's word and organization. <> ``Apostates sometimes sow seeds of doubt by telling half truths or outright lies in an attempt to deceive and draw away faithful ones.'' :"Se'lah.": A {transliteration} of a Hebrew expression found 71 times in the Psalms and 3 times in Habakkuk. In the {NWT} it is always written capitalized, in italics, with the accent mark and a period after it, as shown in the head-word. It is believed to be a musical directive, possibly some type of pause. Whatever its meaning, it is not intended to be pronounced when reading aloud, any more than a modern musical expression such as "molto ritardando" (slowing greatly) is intended to be read aloud when playing the music it is written under. Brothers who don't know this pronounce it anyway. <> ``Be agitated, but do not sin. Have your say in your heart, upon your bed, and keep silent. "Se'lah."'' (Psa 4:4) :self-abuse [obs]: Although the term at face value can mean almost any kind of self-inflicted negative behavior, e.g., stabbing oneself with pins and needles, it is always used as a euphemism for masturbation. Because masturbation is universally considered one of the most acutely embarrassing subjects of conversation, many substitute terms have arisen to describe it, most of them tasteless, and many of them obscene. The term self-abuse was used consistently in the Society's literature for many years. However, this word has a strongly judgemental flavor to it, because it refers not to the act itself, but to the speaker's righteous indignation toward it. In today's immoral society there are many who do not believe that masturbation is an act of abuse, and many even view it as beneficial.[109] Witnesses inclined to discuss the subject at all with worldly people, who call it self-abuse, stand the danger of sending the discussion off on a tangent, because it is no longer considered {politically correct}. Therefore, when speaking of masturbation, it is better to use the plain and unambiguous English word that has sufficed for centuries. It is significant that `self-abuse' has not appeared in the Society's publications since 1985, though there have been several articles that deal with masturbation. [109] Just recently the Surgeon General of the USA was fired for publicly recommending that masturbation be taught in schools as a part of sex education classes. :self-righteous: Convinced of one's own righteousness, especially as compared with others, an attitude that was characteristic of the Pharisees Jesus condemned, and something to be avoided. Sometimes self-righteousness is mistaken as zeal, and sometimes it is caused by misdirected zeal. (A case of a good quality overdone.) But sometimes real zeal is presumptuously labeled as self-righteousness by those who feel condemned when seeing their own activity in light of someone else's. (Compare Joh 7:7.) The moral: it is fruitless for imperfect people to compare themselves with others. (2 Co 10:12) :sermon [obs]: A {presentation} given on a Bible theme. Interestingly, my online dictionary also calls it `an annoying harangue'. This is probably because of the distasteful style of religious speech people have become accustomed to hearing from the clergy of Christendom. The word has strong sanctimonious overtones, because of its use in Christendom. Although some {Witnesses} still use the word occasionally, it is not heard often. It has not been used in the Society's {publications} to describe our work in about 20 years, and so has been marked obsolete. We had a publication called "Sermon Outlines". It was replaced by a series of outlines called "Bible Topics for Discussion". Notice the shift in perspective this change suggests, from one of telling to one that seeks to induce the other person to participate. STORY: Once I had gone a couple of sentences into my chatty introduction with a householder when the man interrupted me with the point blank question: <> ``Is this going to be a sermon?'' Clearly he did not believe I came to him to engage in small talk about the weather. :sermon on the amount: A pun on the name of Jesus' most famous talk, used to mean the {accounts report}. <> ``Now Brother Piandell will deliver the monthly sermon on the amount.'' :Sermon on the Mount: The popular name given to a lengthy discourse Jesus gave to his disciples. It contains many of his most famous and fundamental teachings. (Mat 5:3-7:27) :servant: 1. One who serves the congregation. Although all dedicated baptized Witnesses are servants of Jehovah, `servant' usually applies only to those formally appointed to some office of responsibility. Sisters are never servants in this sense, even if they are serving as missionaries or special pioneers. 2. An obsolete word for `overseer' when used as a designation of an office of appointment, e.g., as in circuit servant [obs], book study servant [obs], etc. 3. Sometimes a shortened form for {ministerial servant}. <> ``Our congregation has six elders and four servants.'' 4. Sometimes a designation for *either* an elder or ministerial servant. <> ``Are you a servant in your congregation?'' ``Yes, I am an elder.'' Context usually makes clear which sense is intended. NOTE: If the answer to the example question is `no', some people would say ``No, I'm *just* a publisher.'' Servants of Jehovah should never feel the need to use self-deprecating expressions about their privileges of service as though they indicated some kind of ranking. (Compare {publisher}.) :service: 1. Any work done that contributes to the welfare of others. <> ``Jacob served Laban seven years to get Rachel.'' (Gen 29:18) 2. Synonym for {field service}. <> ``Brother Downer hasn't been in service for three months.'' NOTE: This word is *never* used in theocratic speech in the sense that it is used in {Christendom's} churches to indicate a religious ceremony. My guess is that the origin of this usage can be found in the literal serving of {emblems} in the Roman Catholic mass, which is celebrated daily. <> ``My return visit asked me `What time are your services tomorrow?''' <> ``There will be a burial service for Brother Fadeaway tomorrow.'' *Not!* :service arrangement: An advance agreement to work in {service} with a particular person or persons. <> ``Before we pair up the group, is there anyone who has arrangements?'' :service bag: See {book bag}. :service campaign: See {campaign}. :Service Committee: A subcommittee of the {Governing Body} that supervises all aspects of the evangelizing work. :Service Meeting: A weekly meeting designed to teach {service} to Jehovah, particularly {field service}. Normally it follows the Theocratic Ministry School. :service overseer [obs]: Former term for {field overseer}, no longer used. :service talk: Special talk given by {traveling overseers} and by visiting {Bethel} speakers, designed to encourage appreciation for and activity in service to Jehovah. <> ``Our visiting Bethel speaker will be giving a service talk entitled "A Serious Look at Laughter".'' :service year: The service year runs from September 1st through August 31st. I don't know all the reasons for this, but it does allow the Society a span of time to collect reports and publish a new "Yearbook" and "Examine the Scriptures Daily" in time to coincide with the beginning of a calendar year.[110] <> ``It is common to see new pioneers begin their pioneer service in September.'' [110] These two publications used to be published under the same cover. :setting: The background environment for a {demonstration} or a sister's talk on the {School}. <> ``Sister Kid's setting is: `Talking to a teacher after class'.'' :sex: 1. God's means for human beings to reproduce. 2. Sexual intercourse. 3. My dictionary says sex is: the sum of the morphological, physiological, and behavioral peculiarities of living beings that subserves by parental reproduction with its concomitant genetic segregation and recombination which underlie most evolutionary change, that in its typical dichotomous occurrence is usually genetically controlled and associated with special sex chromosomes, and that is typically manifested as maleness and femaleness with one or the other of these being present in most higher animals though both may occur in the same individual in many plants and some invertebrates and though no such distinction can be made in many lower forms (as some fungi, protozoans, and possibly bacteria and viruses) either because males and females are replaced by mating types or because the participants in sexual reproduction are indistinguishable. Huh? That's the explanation you can give to your kid when you really don't want to talk about it. 4. One TV talk host said <> ``Sex is the most fun you can have without laughing.'' NOTE: Many worldly persons find sex to be a difficult thing to talk about, especially {Fundamentalists} who have wrongly been taught that intercourse between Adam and Eve was the original sin, and that sexual relations are therefore wrong and shameful. If this teaching were accurate, it would conflict with Jehovah's direct command to the first man and woman to `be fruitful and become many'. (Gen 1:28) In contrast, Jehovah's Witnesses are quite candid about discussing sex, confident in the accurate knowledge that God not only approves, but even encourages persons to find much pleasure in sexual union within the bounds of marriage. (Pro 5:15-19) :sexist language: Jehovah's Witnesses recognize the different roles of the sexes, and do not believe that one sex is superior to the other. However, centuries of sexual discrimination by ungodly persons have led some worldly women to rebel to the point of attempting to inflict their boisterous will on all of society in an attempt to gain what they view as equality.[111] This movement has manifested itself in various ways, including a heightened awareness of sexually biased language, some of it overt, some of it coincidental. One reaction has been an attempt to neuter the English language. Some people insist on replacing words like `chair*man*' with `chair*person*. Some extremists even object to the Bible's portrayal of God as masculine, and have had it blasphemously retranslated and partly rewritten to portray him with neuter or feminine qualities. (Compare Rev 22:19.) [111] I once saw a {bumper sticker} that said ``Feisty women of the world unite!'' Christians who are sensitive to the feelings of others will avoid using words that blatantly discriminate against women. For example, now that many women have taken up police work, the usual term for them is `law enforcement officers' rather than `policemen'. (And *not* policepersons!) One persistent problem is the question of how to handle the pronouns `he' and `she' and their objective and possessive counterparts. On this the publications of the Society have closely followed the practice described by language expert William Safire in his delightful book "Fumblerules", which I quote: For centuries, it has been *he*, when *he or she* was meant; must we now, in the name of fairness, ostentatiously alternate the usage or use both and thereby give brevity a shot in the teeth? Must ``everybody should watch his language'' now become ``everybody should watch *his* or *her* language,'' or worse, ``*their* language''? Etymologists know that the word *man*, going back to the Sanskrit *manus*, means ``human being'' and is sexless. Although *man* and *woman* are differentiated in English, the universal meaning of *man* to encompass both sexes remains. Why accept a fiat from anti-sexism headquarters to change it now? Cool it, humankind; let the language change in its own time, not to fit the schedule of any -ism. Resist the linguistic importunings of those who say, ``Get with it, man.''[112] [112] William Safire, "Fumblerules --- A Lighthearted Guide to Grammar and Good Usage" (New York, 1990), p. 66. :sharpshooter [obs]: A term used in the 1930's for an isolated publisher who was required to devote at least two hours per week to witnessing in order to be counted as a publisher. (Compare {class worker}.) (See [jv] page 717.) :sheep: Jesus referred to his disciples as sheep because of their submissiveness. Scripturally those of the {144,000} are called a `little flock'. Other disciples who do not have the heavenly calling are called `other sheep'. (Joh 10:16) In his illustration of the `sheep and the goats' at Mat 25:31-46 the sheep are those who do good to his brothers, and thus represent people today with {earthly hopes} who are accepting the message of the good news and becoming disciples themselves. <> ``The work of gathering the sheep will continue until Jehovah's time to bring it to an end.'' Sometimes the expression `sheeplike' is used but never `sheepish', which has the negative connotations of timidity and foolishness. (Compare {goat}.) :Sheol: {Transliteration} of the Hebrew term meaning the common grave of all mankind. The Hebrew word is translated {hell} in many occurrences within older popular translations. Because of the unpleasant untruths and misconceptions that abound about hell', the word is transliterated in {NW}, so as to let Bible usage define its meaning. The Greek equivalent is {Hades}. :shepherd: 1. Someone who takes care of sheep. 2. Another scriptural term for {elder}. It draws attention to his responsibility to render constant care to others in the congregation. (Joh 21:15-17, Act 20:28) :shepherding: The activity of one who cares for sheep. In the Christian congregation, it refers to the activity of the elders in making personal visits and giving attention to the needs of individual members of the congregation. <> ``Some bodies of elders have implemented a formal shepherding plan, with a schedule of persons to visit, brothers assigned to make the calls, and an outline of topics to consider discussing at each home.'' :shirt: A garment for the upper body. Those worn by {brothers} to meetings always have a collar to support the use of a {tie}. In former days, it was believed in some quarters that it was necessary for a Christian man's shirt to lack color (or to reflect all colors equally, depending on your understanding of the physics), in order to be regarded as regulation issue. Fortunately, in most places this arbitrary standard has gone the way of the {moustache}. :short elders meeting: Sometimes the elders get little warning of an upcoming meeting. Frequently it is announced at the beginning of the {Service Meeting} that <> ``There will be a short elders meeting following the meeting tonight.'' The assurance concerning its anticipated shortness is intended as a comfort to the wives and children of elders who will have to wait until this unexpected imposition on their time is done in order to get home. It rarely fails to occur that as the brothers file into the library one brother is already there to proclaim repeatedly to each one who enters <> ``I'm sorry brother, you can't attend because you're too tall; this is a *short* elders meeting.'' Perhaps this ritual arose because these meetings are rarely short in duration, so it is supposed that the one announcing it surely must have meant something else. :shotgun answer: An answer to a question that is so broad that the listener knows the answer *must* be in there somewhere, but is not sure exactly where, as when someone simply rereads most or all of a paragraph at a "Watchtower" study. Sometimes a shotgun response is elicited by a compound or multi-part question. <> ```What are sixteen primary differences between the religion of the Bible and the religion of Christendom, and what scriptures demonstrate these differences?' the "Watchtower" conductor tremblingly asked, having just spotted Sister Ramble sitting in the front row with her hand up, and the "Insight" book and three bound volumes marked with Postits open in her lap.'' :similar: Having a resemblance. This word is included because it is pronounced `SIM-i-lar', but is sometimes *mis*pronounced as `SIM-you-lar'. Don't! :simple: Jesus used a Greek word that is translated twice as `simple', but that can also mean `single', i.e., that in which there is nothing complicated or confused. (Mat 6:22, Luk 11:34) Interestingly, Jesus there contrasted it not with its direct opposite `complicated', but with `wicked'. He was talking about the need for Christians to keep their attention focused on Kingdom matters, not divided among many irrelevant pursuits. It does not mean that we should live an easy pastoral life isolated from the world and free from stress and obligations. In English the word `simple' can also mean `pure'. True simplicity can be profoundly sophisticated, e.g., Jehovah's provision of the ransom for mankind's salvation. :simplified convention food service: It was announced in the December {OKM} in the USA that there will no longer be arrangements for food to be served at circuit and district assemblies. Years ago many workers labored to provide three full hot meals a day for visiting conventioners. Then over the years steps were taken to make things simpler. About two years ago the number of food items offered was greatly reduced, and the need for cashiers was eliminated by allowing persons to take what they needed and leaving contribution boxes nearby. Families normally made anonymous contributions to cover their overall needs for an assembly. Apparently not everyone did so, however, because now the simplified food service arrangement means no food at all. The new arrangement will also allow many brothers and sisters who formerly worked in the food service department at assemblies to spend more time enjoying the program and being with their families. :simplified literature distribution arrangement: Another way of describing the {donation arrangement}. It simplifies the work for the {literature servant}, but makes *more* work for the {accounts servant}. :simplify: When persons say they are attempting to `simplify' their lives, they mean they are trying to cut out unnecessary activities in order to make themselves more available for Jehovah's work. Sometimes the simplification process itself far from simple. It might include such steps as finding part time employment, learning to live on a reduced income, selling time-consuming personal possessions, and moving to a smaller less expensive dwelling, sometimes to a place far away, where there may be a great need for Kingdom publishers. Though it might appear outwardly that these actions could contribute to making a person's life more complicated, the point as explained under {simple}, is not to kick back and take life easy, but to become more focused, *increasing* the amount one is able to do that is of real and lasting value. :sin: Any conduct not in harmony with Jehovah's standards. As a verb it means to miss the goal of perfect obedience to Jehovah's standards. The concept of sin is not fashionable in Christendom these days, where `new morality'[113] and so-called `situational ethics' reign. <> ``Although all sin is deserving of death in Jehovah's eyes, his Word shows that some sins are more serious than others.'' [113] An alias for old *im*morality. :singalong: An event at {gatherings} where all present are invited to join together in the singing of songs. As noted under {singing}, most people are not very good at singing, which is nothing to be ashamed of. Worse, many people in this part of the world are *very* self-conscious about singing loud enough that others can hear them. These persons, if told in advance that singing is to be a planned activity at a forthcoming gathering, would sooner rush to make an appointment for a root canal at that hour than attend the event. Hosts should be cautious about springing singalongs on their guests unannounced. (Compare the NOTE under {Bible game}.) :singing: The act of making music with the voice, as in the performance of songs, especially at meetings, and sometimes at gatherings. (See {singalong}.) Most people are by their own admission not skilled singers.[114] Nonetheless, the Society frequently publishes encouragement for all to sing out to the best of their ability, in the confidence that it is not the aesthetic quality of our singing that Jehovah notes, but the heartfelt participation. [114] One definition for `singing' given in my online dictionary is ``to make a shrill whining or whistling sound''. STORY: We had a circuit overseer who repeatedly pointed out that we should always sing as *loud* as possible. But loud is not necessarily equivalent to *good*. I remember standing for the opening song of a Memorial one year, and behind me was a brother who was visiting from out of state. He absolutely *bellowed* the songs. Jehovah was undoubtedly delighted with his unquestionable enthusiasm. But in all my years I have never heard such noxious caterwauling. The brother could have substituted for Rosanne Barr doing the National Anthem, if he were a National Anthem singer.[115] [115] That's a joke that only readers in the USA are likely to understand. :sister: A baptized female member of the congregation. No brother is a sister, but all sisters are brothers. (See {brother}; also compare {sexist language}.) :six-month average: The average calculated by adding the {hours} a publisher has reported for the last six months and dividing by six, usually expressed with a single decimal place of precision. The figure is useful for demonstrating consistency of activity. Auxiliary pioneer months are normally excluded. A sequence of 60, 4, 3, 2, 2, and 1 hours averages out to 12.0 hours per month, but does not portray an accurate picture of what is happening with that publisher. {Trends} must also be considered. :skit: A short dramatic presentation. This is a much less commonly used but certainly more correct term for many of the meeting parts that are called {demonstrations} but that do not demonstrate anything because their purpose is merely to present the material in a setting with two or more people discussing it together. :smiley face: See {emoticon}. :snail mail: Ordinary paper mail sent over land. The term is used by hackers because of its great slowness relative to {email}. <> ``I'll have to send you the signed papers by snail mail.'' :so we see: Some brothers use these words as the transition to a comment about almost every scripture they read. Unfortunately, sometimes the comment that follows is nothing more than a weak paraphrase of what has just been read. <> ``Let's read 1 Th 5:17. `Pray incessantly.' So we see, then, the Bible shows us we need to pray incessantly.'' No kidding. Z-z-z-z-z-z. :Society: Frequently used shorthand for the {Watchtower Bible and Tract Society}, referring to the organization and official pronouncements and communications therefrom, or more pointedly, the {anointed remnant}, or {faithful and discreet slave}. The "Proclaimers" book [jv], page 639 says the following. The footnote is part of the quote: In 1938, when attention was again given to the appointment of responsible men in the congregations,[a] the elimination of all local elections of servants was generally welcomed. Congregations gladly passed resolutions showing appreciation for theocratic organization and requesting ``the Society'' (which they understood to mean the anointed remnant, or faithful and discreet slave) to organize the congregation for service and to appoint all the servants. Thereafter, the visible Governing Body proceeded to make the needed appointments and to organize the congregations for united and productive activity. Only a few groups held back and withdrew from the organization at this point. [a] See Chapter 15, ``Development of the Organization Structure.'' <> ``The Society directs that meetings should open with song and prayer.'' :Society's opinion: This phrase is sometimes heard to give weight to one's own {opinion} in a dispute, because `the {Society}' means the organization, which operates under the influence of God's spirit. Therefore it is a veiled synonym for ``*my* opinion, which happens to be the truth ...''. Whatever pontification follows this pronouncement may or may not be accurate and representative of reality. :solicit, solicitation: To approach one with a request, especially for donations. Some people put up signs that say "No Soliciting" on their property, believing these will prevent Jehovah's Witnesses from approaching. We usually ignore these, not because we don't respect our neighbor's wishes, but because our purpose in visiting people is not to ask them for anything, but to share something with them without cost, namely the Truth of God's word. On the other hand, we *will* honor a "No Trespassing" sign if there is reason to believe that the householder takes it seriously. STORY: Once, just after we in the USA began to offer literature {without cost} I knocked on a door where there was a "No Soliciting" sign. I always ignore them. There was no answer. I headed up the drive, but a man came out from the side. He had a scowl on his face, but looked at me intently and listened carefully to everything I had to say. I eventually worked my way around to offering the magazines. He looked for a moment, and then, to my surprise, agreed in a friendly voice that he would like to read them. I gave him the literature and continued the discussion with an appropriate blurb about making a donation if he was inclined. Although, like a lot of people, I was still uncomfortable with trying to adjust to the new way of doing this, I thought I had gotten through it fairly smoothly on that occasion. Apparently the man thought that he'd been had, and that this was the catch. He scowled even more than initially, but said that he'd go into the house and get some money and turned around to go back inside. As he was walking away he muttered half under his breath, as he was passing his "No Soliciting" sign something like ``I guess these signs don't mean much to you people'', and disappeared inside the house. He returned with a $5 bill which he handed to me. Meanwhile, I had done a little quick thinking while he was gone. I thanked him abundantly for his willingness to make a contribution, and then handed it back to him and refused to accept it. Thereafter I continued the discussion about financing the work. I pointed out that I heard what he said as he went inside, and that I didn't want him to think for one second that we were engaged in any kind of a commercial or money-gathering work. I went on to explain in more detail about where the money comes from to support what we do, and assured him that the literature was truly available without cost to persons who agreed to read it. I reminded him that I *did* ask him whether he would like to read it before offering it, and that he *did* say yes. I also pointed out that the next time one of Jehovah's Witnesses stopped by the policy would be the same, and if he wanted to give his $5, or any amount at all, to that person in order to support the work, he would be more than happy to see that it got into the right hands. Then I left. The scowl had meanwhile changed to an expression of dumbfoundedness. Since then the {worldwide work} has gotten along just fine without that man's $5. It seemed to me that even if he never read the literature, it was important to avoid leaving him with a bad impression. It was the `right thing to do' at that time. :sound: Short for the responsibility of caring for the Kingdom Hall sound system. <> ``Brother Blaster is running the sound this weekend.'' :sound system: The electronic equipment used for amplification of sound and playing music, found in every Kingdom Hall in the USA. Managing the system is a job normally given to a ministerial servant. Every Hall has at least something to play the song recordings on, even if it is just someone's borrowed portable stereo. Most Halls also have a set of microphones and public address sound equipment. At least one microphone is provided for the platform, three or four is better, and two or more with long cords or small transmitters serve as {roving mikes}. In larger Halls, there are speakers that may be switched off in libraries and sometimes also in the lobby and rest rooms so that the program may be heard everywhere in the Hall. At assemblies the sound system can be quite sophisticated, requiring a mixer and speakers located all over a stadium. Assembly equipment is usually operated by persons with some technical knowledge and experience. Nothing except something to play the music is absolutely required at Kingdom Halls. I once gave a talk in a congregation that used a borrowed building barely bigger than a garage. I had to hold my notes in my hand and juggle them with my Bible because there was not even a podium, much less a sound system. The music was played on someone's boom box that was brought to each meeting. <> ``The proper use and maintenance of sound systems has become such an important issue that the Society now has a sound system specialist at Bethel who will travel on request to various areas of the country to teach circuit and district sound crews how to use them properly.'' :sovereignty: See {universal sovereignty}. :speaker: 1. A brother who is giving, or planning on giving {talk}, or one who customarily gives talks. <> ``It sounds like the speaker didn't eat his Wheaties this morning.'' <> ``The visiting speaker Sunday will be Brother Flash from the Faraway Point congregation.'' <> ``Brother Lotsoluv has been a Bethel speaker for 40 years.'' 2. A loud speaker, part of the sound system. <> ``We need to install a volume switch on the speaker in the nursing mothers room.'' :speaker's stand: Another term for {lectern}, the desk that brothers stand behind to give talks from. (See more at {podium}.) :speaking in tongues: The miraculous ability to speak a language one has never spoken before. Jehovah's spirit enabled early Christians to do this for the purpose of preaching the good news to {foreign speaking} persons. Speaking in foreign languages is not heard among Witnesses unless a person happens to *know* more than one language, which is neither miraculous or unusual. To the contrary, the `miraculous' ability to speak in tongues today, as is performed in some Pentecostal churches, is a fairly sure sign of demon possession. (See 1 Co 13:8.) :Special Assembly Day: Another term for {Special Event}. :Special Event: A one-day {assembly} that replaced the second {circuit assembly} a few years ago. So called because it usually features a visiting representative from {Bethel}. :special pioneer: A full-time preacher of the {Kingdom good news} who agrees to work in areas where there is a great need and to meet a goal of 140 hours of {field service} time each month. :special talk: An annual {public talk} given in each congregation a week or two following the {Memorial}. The only exceptions in scheduling are caused by conflicts with scheduled circuit assemblies or circuit overseer visits. The Society supplies a new outline for this talk, or sometimes a manuscript. The subject matter is usually something of general interest that would appeal to newly interested ones. Extra effort is made to see that such persons are invited, especially those who have recently attended the Memorial. :speculate, speculation: To reason inconclusively on a topic, especially to draw conclusions about it when the truthfulness of the premises for argumentation are unknown; to go beyond known fact. In contrast, I can't resist quoting Mark Twain's contention that: The most interesting information comes from children, for they tell all they know and then stop. Speculation among Witnesses often centers on what certain features of God's New Order will be like. Speculation is discouraged in the Society's publications, because it can lead persons to forming strong opinions about matters they can't possibly have knowledge of. <> ``What language will everyone speak in the New Order? Some people say Hebrew. Do they have good scriptural reasons to believe it? Yes. Can they prove it? No. I believe it will be English. Do I have good scriptural reasons to believe it? Yes. Can I prove it? No. Any in-depth discussion of the matter would necessarily be rooted in speculation, so there is no basis for holding firmly to any view.''[116] [116] But now that I have expressed my personal opinion, I'll bet some reader will write me a letter on this point, trying to convince me it will be one way or the other, and he will write *despite* (or maybe because of) reading this footnote. :Speech Counsel Slip: Form S-48, used to track student progress in the {Theocratic Ministry School}. <> ``One out of eight people brought their speech counsel slip to the meeting last week.'' (Slightly above average.) :spirit-anointed: See {anointed}. :spirit-begotten: Almost the same as {anointed}, except that `spirit begotten' draws attention to the subject's rebirth as a `new creation', a {spiritual Israelite}. (2 Co 5:17) :spiritual: Characteristic of actions, speech, and attitudes that are in harmony with and related to the {Truth}. The Bible contrasts it with `fleshly' (Rom 7:14, 1 Co 3:1, Gal 5:15) <> ``The Society encourages us to keep seeking spiritual goals.'' (Compare {theocratic}.) :spiritual babes: 1. Persons whose level of spiritual development is in its infancy. (See 1 Co13:11, Eph 4:14, 15.) 2. Young and attractive pioneer sisters. <> ``Yo, Lou! Check out the bevy of spiritual babes headed for the book room!'' :spiritual estate: The spiritual condition or standing of God's people as a whole on the earth has been described repeatedly in the literature as its `spiritual estate'. Since 1919 that condition has been one of {spiritual paradise}, one which will never again be disrupted or taken away. <> ``Because they repented of sins involving fear of man and inactivity in Jehovah's service, he freed them from Babylon the Great, brought them back to their rightful spiritual estate, and resumed using them to preach the Kingdom message. A spiritual paradise has flourished among God's people since then.'' [w92 9/15] :spiritual food: The regular flow of spiritual information based on God's word, distributed by the {faithful and discreet slave} for the edification and upbuilding of all true Christians. It includes literature, conventions, assemblies, meetings, and whatever other means are available to teach people the {Truth}. (Mat 24:45, Joh 4:34) Just as people normally eat a certain amount at regularly scheduled meal times, rather than skipping meals or trying to do all their eating for the month at one sitting, our spiritual meals are served by means of the scheduled cycle of personal study periods, meetings and special events. NOTE: If we had a six-cylinder car that was sparking on only five cylinders, we would not conclude that five is good enough, since the car still goes. We would immediately get the car fixed. Similarly, we have a six-cylinder spiritual feeding program. There are the five scheduled meetings, and also personal study. If we miss any of these, we will {limp} along with spiritual hesitations, going ka-* chunk*, ka-*chunk* along the way. :spiritual giant: A metaphor to describe one who is spiritually advanced to a high degree. We do not heap accolades and honors upon men. However, the life course of some men and women who have flourished since the latter part of the nineteenth century is well known among us. Every one of the men who have served in the role of president of the legal corporations directed by the Society has been a person of unparalleled devotion to our God Jehovah and of personal integrity and industriousness. Summaries of the lives and experiences of many anointed ones has been written down and published in the pages of the Society's magazines. They serve as encouraging examples to us all. Even in these dark last days, when godlessness is the dominant spirit over this satanically directed system that is rapidly headed for destruction, it can yet truthfully be said: true spiritual giants still exist in this world. :spiritual Israelite: A scripturally derived[117] term based on Gal 6:16 for one of the `new creation', part of `the Israel of God'. [117] That is,the expression itself is not in NWT, but the thought is. :spiritual paradise: The worldwide {spiritual estate} of Jehovah's people in modern times, a rich blessing that we do not have to wait until the New Order to enjoy. <> ``For God's people today, though we are not yet becoming physically perfect, it is as though the New Order has already begun, because the spiritual paradise that was established following the establishment of the Kingdom has been flourishing ever since, and will remain forever and continue only to grow.'' :split: 1. To form a new congregation by dividing one in two or by taking members from two or three. This is normally done because of growth in numbers. 2. In Christendom a split refers to a division caused by differing opinions or dissension, sometimes resulting in a new sect. This never happens in Jehovah's organization, though {weak} individuals sometimes fall off the deep end. While visiting an old teacher my daughter mentioned that our congregation had split. Because of her Catholic experience the teacher responded that she was sorry to hear it. :sports: Physical activities, e.g., games, engaged in or watched as a spectator for pleasure. Paul reminded Timothy that ``bodily training is beneficial for a little''. (1 Ti 4:8) Therefore some of Jehovah's Witnesses find it scripturally acceptable to enjoy recreational sports in moderation. The most popular participational sports in this part of the world are aerobic exercise, golf, basketball, and volleyball. (But see {little}.) In the USA, American style football seems to be enjoying the lead in popularity presently among professional spectator sports, with basketball a close second, and the classical game of baseball,[118] formerly regarded as `the national pastime' slumping in third. [118] My personal favorite! STORY: A local brother who was at Bethel happened to have Brother and Sister Knorr in his book study and would sometimes ride with them to the meeting. Apparently Brother Knorr was a *big* baseball fan. One night they were waiting for him in the car and Sister Knorr asked the other Bethelites ``Do you boys like baseball?'' They all did. She said. ``If you would rather talk about spiritual things on the way to the meeting, then you'd better ask Nathan a Bible question as soon as he gets in the car, or he'll start talking about the Mets and you'll never get to it.'' Readers outside the USA may be surprised to learn that soccer is not very popular here. It is played mainly by school children in physical education classes. Even the World Cup, presented in this country last summer, was upstaged on TV by coverage of the O. J. Simpson murder case. Great care must be taken by Christians who enjoy sport not to get wrapped up in the competitive side of it, and to shun the violence that dominates professional sports. (Compare Gal 5:26.) This is difficult to do in an activity where someone must always be the loser, and where often someone who fails to achieve his best at a critical moment is labeled the goat, and is sent off bitterly disappointed in humiliation and shame. The intrinsic inferiority of sport as compared to an entirely cooperative artistic pursuit, such as {music}, may be seen in what happens following some major sporting events: the attendees in both the winning and the losing cities go out and burn their cities down. This hardly ever happens following a Schubert "Lieder" recital. :SR: Acronym for `self-righteous', sometimes used disparagingly about others who seem to be putting on an appearance for show, or who are `trying too hard'. An authoritative source says that this is a Bethelism. The same source also says that some people use the acronym RO for `righteous overmuch'. :statement --- dash --- question: A disproportionate number of articles in {The Watchtower} and {Awake!} have titles that take the form of a subject statement followed by a dash followed by a question about the subject, to be answered by the article. <> "Jehovah's Witnesses --- A Cult or Ministers of God?" <> "A Meal to Remember --- How Often?" <> "Women --- What Can Be Done About Them?"[119] [119] I've got a million of 'em! :street witnessing, street work: Public preaching activity carried on by approaching persons on the street. Some people prefer to stand cataleptically in one place, holding up the magazines, waiting for someone to approach them and ask for literature, possibly hoping that nobody will notice or want to talk to them. But by far the most effective results have been obtained by Witnesses who take the initiative to talk to folks. <> ``Many pioneers engage in street work in busy downtown locations during early morning rush hours.'' :student talk: The {number two, three, and four talks} on the {Theocratic Ministry School}, occurring third, fourth, and fifth on the program respectively. :study article: An article in "The Watchtower" intended for group study at the congregation meeting called the {Watchtower Study}. <> ``The second study article in the latest "Watchtower" deals with the need to prepare better for meetings.'' :study questions, questions for study: The questions at the bottom of the page in "Watchtower" articles and other publications intended for congregation or group study. The canonical routine in studying such articles is: someone reads a {paragraph} out loud; the one conducting asks the printed question; someone attempts to reiterate the main point in his own words; then follows, as appropriate, a discussion of scriptures cited, applications, insights, and other details. The paragraphs in such materials are all numbered. Sometimes a single paragraph or group of paragraphs has multiple lettered questions. :study report, Bible study report: Report form S-3. It is used to record {Bible study} activity. More often called `Bible study report', but the form header says `STUDY REPORT'. :stuffed-shirtedness: A tendency to behave like a figurative stuffed shirt, i.e., being needlessly conservative or strict, overly serious or cautious, pompous, or old-fashioned. This is my personal neologism. <> ``He would be an outstanding speaker if he could loosen up and shed some of his stuffed-shirtedness.'' (See also {talk}.) :stumble: 1. To trip, falter in one's course, possibly committing a sin or weakening in faith, especially as a result of some external set of circumstances, thus causing one to experience a setback in his relationship with God. <> ``Seeing a ministerial servant's wife drink more than he thought she should at a gathering caused my Bible study to stumble.'' Christians should take great care both to avoid *being* stumbled and to avoid becoming a *cause* for stumbling by others. (Compare Mat 5:29, 30, Phi 1:10.) 2. The NWT also uses stumble with an object, e.g., to stumble others. <> ``We stumbled him.'' Although perfectly acceptable, the more common use in my experience is without an object. <> ``I stumbled.'' NOTE: Some people *allow* themselves to be stumbled and then look for pity, feeling sorry for themselves. But if someone did a royal pratfall in the parking lot of the Kingdom Hall, he wouldn't just lie there sad-eyed, whining ``I've been stumbled.'' He would get back up on his feet just as soon as he could, and look around hoping nobody noticed. We should guard our spirituality similarly. :stupid: 1. The Bible's use of `stupid' applies to those who resist the truth of God's word because they are morally insensitive. It implies a degree of knowing culpability on the part of the stupid one. (Compare Psa 14:1.) A Nobel Prize winning University president who smokes, criticizes the Bible, promotes atheism, and is an all-around jerk, is stupid in the Bible sense. To describe a person of this type as stupid may be accurate, but would be a tactless thing to say to his face. <> ``Sometimes very smart people do some very stupid things.'' 2. The commoner worldly use of the term applies to persons who are slow to learn, those with learning disabilities or handicaps. To call a person of this type stupid to his face is less than tactless; it is extraordinarily unkind, because such persons are what they are through no fault of their own. Christians avoid derogatory name calling. :submissiveness: Willingness to yield to others in authority, particularly to Jehovah's {theocratic} arrangement of things. In this world independent thinking and rebellion are encouraged, authority is challenged at all levels, and persons who unquestioningly subject themselves to any organizational structure are viewed askance. (Compare {headship}. Also, see the article SUBMISSIVENESS in [it].) However, once a person learns the {Truth}, recognizing it for what it really is, and comes into close association with Jehovah's organization, there is genuinely no need to resist further. Christians are therefore encouraged to surrender themselves fully to the Christian congregation, under the perfect leadership of Jesus Christ, whose competent and trustworthy leadership we have no reason to doubt. (Phi 2:11, 2 Co 6:14-18, Rom 12:11, Col 3:24) :suit: Drab, uncomfortable, and expensive clothing that is presently required dress for all {Public Meeting} and {convention} speakers, television news anchormen, lawyers, politicians, corporate raiders, organized crime bosses, and Protestant ministers. Popular wisdom says that in dressing like businessmen we gain the respect of the community. But if the world's greedy commercial empire is to be destroyed, as Revelation teaches, I don't understand why we would strive to imitate its promoters. Where I work it's the guys with the suits you've got to look out for, not those who eschew the wearing of them. These garments often have a deleterious effect on persons. Some people even change personalities when they put on a `sooot'.[120] Suit coats are particularly loathsome to wear when it is 115 degrees (Fahrenheit) in Phoenix, AZ, and close to 130 degrees[121] in a car that has been sitting closed up in the driveway.[122] As I say to my family in such circumstances: <> ``Does everybody have their nice warm clothes on nice and tight?'' No, that example doesn't use the head-word, but I felt a need to vent my frustration. (Compare Phi 4:5.) [120] They suddenly begin talking like old men. [121] 46 and 54 degrees Celsius respectively. [122] While proofing this entry I am watching a guy on TV frying eggs on a Phoenix sidewalk. :Sunday school: Special religious classes for children, held in Christendom's churches. In Bible times, parents bore primary responsibility for teaching their children about spiritual matters. When they gathered together for worship, the children attended the same proceedings. There were no special sessions for children. In Christendom things are carried on quite differently. Most parents have completely abdicated responsibility for teaching their children about God's will, because they don't know what it is to begin with, and don't really care anyhow. At their places of worship they shuffle them off to insipid and ineffective special classes for children taught by clueless volunteers who likewise know nothing whatever about God's will, and so act as baby sitters, keeping them busy with activities such as playing games, coloring pictures of Jesus, and pasting construction paper lambs. (Compare Mat 15:14.) :Sunday, Sunday meeting: Because the greater number of congregations have their {Public Meeting} and {Watchtower Study} on Sunday, people sometimes refer to the pair of meetings together as the `Sunday meeting'. However, there is nothing scripturally special about Sunday or any other day, and so schedules vary, especially in areas where more than one congregation shares a single Kingdom Hall. Occasionally some jokester will dryly quip <> ``We have our Sunday meeting on Friday.'' :superelder: An elder who is unusually active and who seems to be carrying the load of congregation work almost single-handedly. In reality there is no such thing. :superior authorities: A scriptural term for local worldly governments; they hold a form of authority over Christians that is second to the law of God. (Rom 13:1-7) <> ``The superior authorities must bear the responsibility for how they spend the tax dollars they acquire.'' :symposium: A compound talk in two or more parts, given by a series of brothers. Beginning {public speakers} are often given parts of a public talk in a symposium as training. Symposiums are a common part of assemblies and conventions. :synoptic: See {Gospel}. === T === :tact: An awareness of the feelings of others. It causes us to deal with them considerately. Christians have great freeness of speech, because they know and speak the Truth. (Heb 10:35) They need to be careful that their utterances are always `seasoned with salt' so they do not needlessly offend unbelievers in speaking about the good news. (Col 4:6) <> ``I know that as a Baptist you think you're a good Christian, but did you know the Bible says you're a Devil worshiper?'' Whereupon the householder calls the police.[123] [123] This reminds me of the old joke with the punch line that says: ``For a fat girl you don't sweat much!'' Invent your own lead-in if you don't know the rest of it. :take the count: See {count}. :talk: An assigned segment of a meeting. We never hear theocratic talks referred to as `speeches' in English, even though the {School} progressive record is called a {speech counsel slip}. Politicians and people receiving awards give speeches; Christians give talks. <> ``Listening to Brother Pierce's talks is sort of like getting a vaccination: they make you a little bit sick at first, but are ultimately good for you.'' NOTE: Preparing talks is a large part of the routine of many brothers, especially elders. Jehovah's organization is an organization of teachers teaching teachers. The average brother is quite good at public speaking compared to someone in the world with no training, and the best platform teachers are a complete joy to listen to. Therefore, many brothers apply themselves very hard to become good {speakers}. After a while they may discover that the more often one gives talks, the more liable he is to put his foot in his mouth. (Compare Pro 10:19.) So there is always room for improvement. Young and beginning speakers should be advised that a good talk and a good speaker need more than superficial polish. All the technical aspects of talk preparation and delivery may have been perfectly executed, yet a brother's talk can still be as exciting as a bowl of yesterday morning's oatmeal. Once a new brother once told me he first became seriously interested in the Truth because of the good speaking ability of one particular brother. <> ``Brother Animanto was the first person I heard who didn't sound like a robot.'' A good talk always needs three things: it needs heart, and it needs fire. And it needs to be delivered with the authority that only maturity can bring. (Compare Mat 7:28, 29.) Speakers who master these traits will almost always give good talks. :taxes: Jesus taught that because the governments supply us with many services, they are entitled to require payment for them in the form of tax monies. (Mat 22:17-21) So Christians around the world willingly comply with local laws in this regard, paying their taxes in full, even though attempting to cheat the government is common on the part of {worldlings}. NOTE: No one is obligated to pay *more* than what is required. {Caesar} wrote the enormously complex tax laws. If there are loopholes and provisions in them that allow a person to pay less, a Christian is just as entitled as any other citizen to take advantage of them. After all, taxes are a governmental extortion foisted upon the citizenry, not a form of voluntary contribution. :teach: See {preach}. :Teaching Committee: A subcommittee of the {Governing Body} that supervises schools, assemblies, conventions, and Bethel family instruction. :tears: Salty liquid that pours from the eyes during times of distress or great joy; something readers of "Awake!" seem to be given to shedding, judging from the letters published in the "From Our Readers" column. Hardly an issue goes by where a reader comment is not published of the type: <> ``When I read about little Johnny with two heads and no arms and legs who is still able to special pioneer I broke down in tears.'' <> ``The story about the 96-year-old great-grandmother wrestling crocodiles in ditoxin-polluted swamps in order to get to the meetings brought a tear to my eye.'' <> ``My eyes welled up with tears when I learned ...'', etc. Apparently some "Awake!" readers are volatile. Or perhaps some "Glossary" authors are insensitive. :tee shirt: A cotton shirt, usually short-sleeved, very comfortable, but worn only in the most casual situations. Most Witnesses don't have reservations about wearing tee shirts with logos or writing on them as long as they don't reflect or promote unchristian styles or attitudes. However, tee shirts that feature celebrities or product advertising are considered unacceptable dress for work at a Kingdom Hall build site. (Compare {bumper sticker}.) :telephone witnessing, telephone work: Preaching activity carried on by calling people on the telephone. This work is similar to the modern business practice of telemarketing, except that Jehovah's Witnesses are not attempting to sell anything. :Ten Words, Ten Commandments: The first ten ultimata Jehovah dictated to the nation of Israel at the time of his making a covenant with them to be his name people, upon which the entire rest of the Law was based. Christendom uses the term `ten commandments'. The NWT uses the expression `Ten Words' three times. (Exo 34:28, Deu 4:13, Deu 10:4) Although the way of numbering them differs, it is universally agreed upon that there are ten. Sometimes they are called the `Ten Big Ones'. :-) <> ``Jehovah's Witnesses will be coming to town with the Ten Commandments and a $10 bill, and you can be sure they won't break either!''[124] [124] In reality, we observe only *nine* of them, because the sabbath law is not imposed on Christians. :territory [card, map]: Synonymous expressions for the map of {territory} that is checked out to {publishers} by the {territory servant}. Form S-12 is used. :territory servant: The person, usually a {ministerial servant}, who is in charge of checking out {territory maps}. :territory, congregation territory: 1. A geographical area assigned to preach in. A {congregation} is given a well-defined area, specified in a letter from the Society that is kept in the congregation records. This area is mapped and divided into pieces that are likewise called `territories'. Publishers check out {territory maps}, and may assign pieces of it to others in service. <> ``In Maine our territory included some islands.'' 2. A shortened form for the {territory card}. <> ``Give me back my territory so I can keep it in my call book.'' :Tetragrammaton: The four-consonant sequence of Hebrew letters that represent God's personal name. It is used 6,828 times in the Hebrew text printed in Biblia Hebraica and Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. These four letters are translated into English as YHWH or JHWH. :The Bible's Viewpoint: A frequent feature of "Awake!" magazine for the past several years. Issues of contemporary life are discussed in light of the Bible. <> ``The July 8, 1994 "Awake!" contains "The Bible's Viewpoint" article "Was the Apostle Paul Against Women?'"''[125] [125] He wasn't, in case you didn't know that already. :the LORD: In more English translations of the Bible than not, Jehovah's holy name, represented in the original Hebrew scriptures nearly 7,000 times by the {Tetragrammaton}, is eliminated by substituting the expression `the LORD', with LORD set in all upper case letters, the second through fourth slightly smaller than the first, as shown. Thus it is distinguished from the ordinary use of the term `Lord', meaning `master', which can refer to anyone, including humans, who has ownership or authority and power over others. The subtlety may be noticed by the discerning eye, but cannot be heard by the ear; so the name of the Bible's author is effectively eliminated from these translations. Because Christendom worships a nameless God, Jesus' words to a Samaritan woman can truly be applied to them: ``YOU worship what YOU do not know; we worship what we know ...'' (Jo 4:22) :the Lord's prayer: See {model prayer}. :The Watchtower: The magazine that since 1879 has been the primary tool of the {faithful and discreet slave}, second only to the Bible itself, for dispensing {spiritual food} to the {domestics}, {other sheep}, and other interested persons, in the {last days}. (Mat 24:45) Notice that the word `The' is part of the magazine's name, and so this entry is listed in the T's instead of the W's. The periodical is subtitled "Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom". Its original name was "Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence". :the work: When used without further explanation, `the work', always with the definite article to distinguish it from work in general, refers to the primary assignment that the Christian organization has been given, particularly in these {last days}, namely to preach the {Kingdom good news} in all the earth. (Mar 13:10) <> ``The work in eastern Europe is growing almost beyond our ability to keep up.'' :thee [obs]: See {common archaisms}. :theocracy: Government by God. There is only one true theocracy, the Kingdom of God, including its visible organization on earth. [w93 1/1] The second study article in [w94 7/1] makes a major point of demonstrating that theocracy is essentially equivalent to {headship}, and the third study article emphasizes: <> ``Since theocracy is rule by God, and God is love, therefore, theocracy is rule by love.'' :Theocratese: A personal {neologism} meaning the language of theocratic speech. It is pronounced `the-OC-ra-TEEZ'; the last syllable is heavier than the first. The superset American English Hacker Theocratese, the subject of this book, has become the "lingua franca" of a worldwide group of {friends} who communicate on the {Internet}. :theocratic: Adjectival form of {theocracy}. It is sometimes used, usually as a compliment, to describe one's loyalty and obedience to God's Word and his {organization}, its activities and way of life. <> ``Sister Shine is a very theocratic person.'' It means becoming an imitator of God. :Theocratic Ministry School [counselor, overseer]: The elder who presides over the Theocratic Ministry School. When he is conducting the meeting, he acts as counselor. In his capacity as overseer, he cares for school schedules and records. :Theocratic Ministry School, School: A weekly meeting to train Witnesses for platform speaking, Bible study work, and the public ministry, sometimes referred to simply as `the School'. <> ``How could you *possibly* have assigned all four of my children talks in the School on the same night!?'' Oops, sorry 'bout that. (This booboo could be the catalyst that triggers the onset of a case of {Camille syndrome}.) :Theocratic News: A feature of nearly every edition of "Our Kingdom Ministry". It consists of a series of short bullet items concerning baptisms, {increases} and other successes having to do with {the work} in other parts of the world. :Theocratic School [obs]: Former term for {Theocratic Ministry School}. No longer used. :thine [obs]: See {common archaisms}. :things you won't hear: Here is a list of things you are unlikely to hear among or around Jehovah's Witnesses. (At least not in the {USA}.) o ``That's the circuit overseer's Porsche.'' o ``That's the Bethelite's rap album.'' o ``May I borrow your new issue of "Playboy"?'' o ``That's a really *great* looking beard you've got, brother!'' o ``And so, brother, would you encourage others assembled here today to pioneer, too?'' ``No way, man! it's *way* too difficult and definitely not worth the trouble.'' o ``Has anyone got a light?'' o ``You've been working too hard. You've done enough. Take a couple of months off and relax.'' o ``Who's in charge around here?'' o ``I never have anything to do.'' o ``Oh, look, honey, the Jehovah's Witnesses are coming. Let's put on an extra pot of coffee!'' :thou [obs]: See {common archaisms}. :thousand year reign: See {Millenium}. :three P's: When working on the School {counsel point} dealing with modulation, students are often told to remember the `three P's' of modulation, i.e., the three most important aspects of the technique; all happen to start with the letter P: pitch, pace, and power. :thrilling: Causing a sudden sharp feeling of excitement. It is a perfectly good word, but not used as much in daily speech as it may once have been, perhaps because modern people have become jaded on excitement and are not as easily moved as in previous days. The only reason I mention it is that I found it 342 times in my online literature collection. That makes sense. After all, if the good news of God's Kingdom, the theme of the Bible and all the Society's literature, is not thrilling, then surely nothing is! :Thursday, Thursday meeting: The most common choice for a night to have the {Theocratic Ministry School} and {Service Meeting} is Thursday, so people sometimes refer to the two together as the `Thursday meeting'. In many places where congregations share a hall, one will have this meeting on Tuesday, while the other conducts its {Congregation Book Studies} in private homes, and then on Thursday they swap. In Halls shared by more than two congregations, the scheduling can get hairy. <> ``Fallen Mountain has its Thursday meeting on Tuesday, and Sooty Sky has its Thursday meeting on Wednesday.'' :thy [obs]: See {common archaisms}. :tie: A torturous device worn around the necks of men and little boys, designed to cut off circulation to the brain, and thus increase the need to depend on Jehovah's spirit to help them think and speak articulately. Some hackers call it a brain depletion device. Standard meeting and service dress for Witness males, and also Mormon elders. Something the person who invented it should be hanged in. Sometimes useful for wiping off glasses and dipping in soup at formal dinner parties. One of the first things that will be discarded in God's New Order, as soon as the need for glasses disappears. (Lynn 1:2) :time: The number of hours spent in field service, normally reported on a monthly basis. NOTE: Some people tend to emphasize the *time* spent in service rather than the effort or the quality of that time. (See both {hours} and {national average}.) Regrettably we sometimes hear the following announced: <> ``It's the end of the month so be sure and turn in your *time*.'' *Bad!* Such verbiage reflects an orientation around the hours spent, as if that were the only thing expended. How much better it would be if brothers would consistently say ``Be sure to turn in your field report.'' End of sermon. (Lynn 1:3) NOTE: Consider the hypothetical case of a brother who is an elder and whose {six-month average} is well above the national average. He conducts a progressive Bible study, and he counts four hours a month for conducting his faithfully held family study. Then both his Bible study and his last child get baptized and complete the required publications. The brother stops reporting the time for both and takes a sudden eight-hour hit on his monthly average, which brings him *below* the national average. However, the family study continues as it always has. It could be reasoned that now that he no longer has a Bible study he has the time to engage in more door-to-door and return visit work. But the study was conducted on a weeknight. It is not realistic to expect that he will be able to replace *all* that time with nighttime service. And he is already doing the best he is able on weekends. Meanwhile, he *does* spend more time in shepherding and other activities that can be carried on in the evenings. But because his average has fallen below the national average, he becomes the object of counsel to improve, and a candidate for removal from oversight, although he is working just as hard as he ever did. The dilemma illustrates an inconsistency that has never been resolved by some directive from the Society. It also illustrates that field service time does not show the complete picture of a brother's activity. :time of the end: See {last days}. :timing: Observation of a time limit, especially in connection with giving talks. The duration of each meeting part is predetermined. Speakers should strive to fill the time as closely as possible, without going overtime. Most speakers have difficulty with this. The frequently-heard comment <> ``We all need to give attention to our timing.'' means that brothers have been consistently going overtime recently. Although the most reliable way to assure that a talk will be of the proper duration is to run through it once, practice runs are common only among beginning students anxious to achieve perfection early in their speaking careers. Unlike other speech qualities that improve with great experience, this one tends to degenerate.[126] [126] I heard Brother Franz go forty minutes overtime at a Yankee Stadium district convention in 1971. In addition, the talk was so deep no one had a clue what it was about when he was done. He kept going on about ``the *oooolder men!*'' :tithe: The compulsory payment of one tenth of one's earnings as a tax to support a religious organization. Jehovah required this of the nation of Israel in order to support the Levitical priesthood. (Lev 27:30-32, Num 18:25-29.) Religious organizations that do not acknowledge the passing away of the Law with the death of Christ, are delighted to continue imposing this requirement on their adherents as a means to finance their activities. (Compare Col 12:14.) <> ``The only God demanding tithes today is the God of Socks that lives inside my washing machine. For every ten socks I put in the machine he returns only nine.'' :Too: Spelled with a capital because some people use it much too frequently as the first word of a sentence to begin a new thought, as though it were a transitional expression. It is not objectionable if used about once a year. <> ``Too, something else to avoid is starting a sentence with an adverb.'' <> ``Too, ending a sentence with a preposition is a practice to stay away from.'' Too, even worse is heaping repeated redundancy upon redundancy: <> ``Also too, in addition, my children are likewise high school dropouts.'' :Topic for Conversation: A suggested field service {presentation} outline formerly published in {Our Kingdom Ministry}, consisting of at most two points and two scriptures. This has been discontinued in favor of newer methods. :Tower: Short for {The Watchtower} magazine, sometimes for the meeting called the {Watchtower Study}. <> ``We had 110 present for the Tower today.'' Personally, I've heard only a few Bethelites use it. I never cared for it. (So who asked my opinion?) :tract: A small, usually single folded sheet leaflet dealing with a single subject. <> ``The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society has lived up to its name. It has distributed many billions of tracts all over the world.'' :transfiguration: The occasion when Jesus' face and garments shone brilliantly while disciples Peter, James, and John looked on. (Mat 17:1-9) <> ``At Jesus' transfiguration Peter wanted to erect tents for Jesus, Moses, and Elijah.'' :transliteration: The representation of a foreign word by rendering the spelling in the alphabet of another language. <> ``The Hebrew term "she.ohl'" and its Greek equivalent "hai'des" have been transliterated as Sheol and Hades respectively in the New World Translation.'' :traveling overseer: A circuit or district overseer, so called because he travels from congregation to congregation each week. :trend: A prevailing direction in patterns of social conduct. Changes of habit, most of them good but some of them bad, arise among Jehovah's socially close-knit people, who are continually under attack by Satan's world. The {Society} has been alert to warn Jehovah's people about the possible adverse consequences of social changes occurring in places all over the world. Assemblies and circuit overseer visits are common occasions to learn about these. <> ``It has been observed that in some areas there has been a trend toward laxness in personal study, with a consequent sag in field activity.'' :trinity: The bogus teaching that there are three divine Persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, each eternal, almighty, coequal, each one God, but the three together forming one God. This belief is the central doctrine of the religions of Christendom; acceptance of it is a virtual brandmark of the great apostasy. (2 Th 2:3) The brochure "Should You Believe the Trinity?" presents a full exposition on the topic. :troubleshooter: On occasion, when problems have developed within an isolated congregation or area that could not be resolved locally, the Society has sent in one or more special representatives to investigate, report back to the Society, and assist in straightening things out. I know of at least one case, and there are probably others, of an entire congregation that was {disfellowshipped}. These envoys have been dubbed `troubleshooters' by some. I doubt the term was ever official. The existence of these skirmishes is not widely publicized, undoubtedly to protect the reputation of Jehovah and his congregation, and for the sake of loyal innocent ones, so as not to shock them with disturbing news. :true religion, true worship: The worship of Jehovah as outlined by Jehovah himself in the Bible, and not by men, and carried out by his {organization}, both the heavenly and visible parts. (Joh 4:23) :truth, Truth: That which is actually so; it is never at odds with itself. When spelled with a capital (in mid-sentence), it refers to the full body of revealed Truth about God and his purposes as explained in his Word, and taught by his organization. The practice of consistently spelling it with a capital when referring to the Truth in the sense defined here may be my own, and is modeled after Act 9:2 and other verses that show the early disciples used the the phrase `The Way' to refer to true Christianity. (Note that `The' is capitalized, as it appears all three times in NW. NOTE: The scriptural and divinely inspired name for the true worship of Jehovah, i.e., {Jehovah's Witnesses}, is a recent acquisition, seen in retrospect to have been given to satisfy a need to be distinct from other groups who also profess to be Christian. Thus when outsiders ask us what our religion is, we quickly reply ``We're Jehovah's Witnesses!'' Under such circumstances it would not be adequate to say ``We are Christians.'' A Roman Catholic or Baptist might give the same reply. Nor would it be meaningful to say ``I'm in the Truth.'' However, inside the organization, among one another, we refer to our religion as `the Truth', because that is what it is. <> ``How long have you been in the Truth?'' :Tuesday, Tuesday meeting: The most common choice for a night to have the {Congregation Book Study} is Tuesday, so people sometimes refer to it as the `Tuesday meeting'. In many places where congregations share a hall, one will have this meeting on Tuesday, while the other conducts its Congregation Book Studies in private homes, and then on Thursday they swap. In Halls shared by more than two congregations, the scheduling can get complicated, especially when congregations need to have midweek afternoon or Saturday morning book studies. <> ``Swollen River congregation has a book study at the Hall at 7:45 AM on Saturday.'' :type, antitype: A `type' is a prophetic model that prefigures something fulfilled by a later reality. The `antitype' is that which is prefigured. <> ``The Passover lamb was a type of Jesus Christ, and Christ impaled is the antitype.'' (1 Co 5:7) === U === :unassigned territory: An area where there are so few Witnesses that it has not been assigned as part of any congregation's territory. <> ``Last summer three pioneer sisters from our congregation spent nearly three months covering unassigned territory in rural regions of North Dakota and Montana.'' :unbaptized associate: A person who is not baptized but is coming with some frequency to meetings, is usually studying the Bible, and is making progress toward becoming a Christian. Some of them are {unbaptized publishers}. :unbaptized Christian [obs]: There is no such thing, so we no longer use this expression. We formerly applied the term to unbaptized persons who came to meetings and went in service. (Compare {unbaptized associate}, {unbaptized publisher}.) :unbaptized publisher: An unbaptized person who participates in the {field ministry} and is formally recognized as such by announcement at the {Service Meeting}, having been interviewed by some elders before accepting their service report. <> ``We're happy to announce that Johnny Little is now an unbaptized publisher.'' (Followed by enthusiastic applause.) Thereafter his field activity will be tracked and he will be counted as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in the annual {world report}. (But compare {baptized unpublisher}.) :unbeliever: A person who has not yet accepted the {Truth}, regardless of whether out of rebellion, spiritual blindness (2 Co 4:4), or lack of opportunity. Such persons are generally regarded as {bad association}. (2 Co 6:14, 15) <> ``Some persons were disturbed by the rowdy spirit that developed at Brother Loose's gathering, caused by the presence of two unbelieving neighbors he unwisely invited.'' :unbelieving mate: The spouse of a Christian who is an {unbeliever}. (1 Co 7:12-15) <> ``Christians who foolishly acquire unbelieving mates put themselves in line for woe and trouble beyond comprehension.'' :unchristian, unchristian conduct: Not in harmony with Bible teachings. Therefore, anything that is unchristian is also {unscriptural}. NOTE: Injudicious use of expressions can engender ugly legal repercussions. In years past, when persons were {disfellowshipped}, an announcement was read that said something like <> ``Willie Burnus has been disfellowshipped for conduct unbecoming a Christian.'' Whereupon Willie turned around and sued the congregation or the Society, effectively saying `Who are *you* to say *I* am not Christian?' Nowadays the announcement read on such occasions is engraved in stone. The elder simply says ``Buddy Kantgripe has been disfellowshipped.'' Any elder who dares to say one single word more or less is liable to be removed. :underline: To mark the main points in a {study article} with a pen or marker. By far the commonest method of preparing study articles is to proceed a paragraph at a time, first reading the {study question}, then underlining or marking through the parts of the paragraph that answer the question most directly. Some persons mark the text sparingly, and note only an occasional word to remind them of the contents of cited scriptures or some comment they would like to make. Others have developed a system using multiple colors and special marginal symbols. Still others mark practically everything in the paragraph, and write the unquoted scriptures out in full in tiny handwriting, making it impossible to pick up the main point by just glancing at the markings.[127] Of course, these markings provide visible evidence that a person has prepared his lesson, at least to some degree. It is not uncommon to catch persons sneaking furtive glances at the "Watchtower"s of others to see if they have prepared. <> ``Although underlining is an aid to study for most people, it is not required, and is far from all that is needed to prepare a lesson well.'' [127] The purpose of preparing for the study is not to change the color on the page. :unity, united: Oneness, harmony, a state where all elements promote an undivided total effect. God's people throughout the earth are united as no other people in history have ever been. (Compare Psa 133:1.) This is not achieved easily, as is suggested by the fact that even the Christians in the first century Corinthian congregation needed the exhortation to become `fitly united in the same mind and in the same line of thought.' (1 Co 1:10) Unity is closely related to `peace', a fruit of God's holy spirit. (Gal 5:22) :universal sovereignty: God's absolute rulership over everything. Satan's act of rebelliousness in the Garden of Eden attacked God's sovereignty by raising the question: Does God have the *right* to be the absolute ruler? The settling of that issue continues to this day, but is very close to resolution. :unlettered: Uneducated in a formal sense. To some it means illiterate. The word is used only once in the NWT, at Act 4:30, where Peter and John are recognized as being `unlettered'. However, it is clear that they were far from illiterate. In Bible times it was customary to issue a `letter' of certification to students graduating from rabinnical schools, in much the way that a diploma is given to persons graduating from institutions of higher learning today. Peter and John did not have such letters, and furthermore the things they said were very different from what was being taught in the religious schools of the day. Thus they were viewed by their formally educated contemporaries as being unlettered. This is much different from being illiterate. (Compare 2 Co 3 1-3, 5, 6). :unscriptural: Contrary to scriptural teaching. A practice should not come to be regarded as scriptural or unscriptural solely on the basis of whether it is explicitly mentioned in the Bible. Every form of conduct touches on underlying principles. There is virtually no sphere of human activity that is not dealt with in the Bible, if underlying principles are considered. <> ``Going to movies is not unscriptural, because the Bible writers never discussed this form of entertainment; however viewing some movies may be considered unscriptural conduct by some because of their content.'' :upbuild: See {build up}. :usher: One who escorts persons to seats at a church service or in a theater. It is customary in a church to allow the ushers to select seats for those attending. (See {pew}.) The theocratic analogue is called an {attendant}. Most people at the Hall manage to find their own seats, and need assistance only when it is crowded, or after a meeting has started. An attendant at Kingdom Hall meetings has a much broader responsibility than just helping people find seats. === V === :VCR: Acronym for `video cassette recorder', an electronic gadget for playing and recording video tapes. At one time these devices were widely believed to be a provision of the Devil, until it was realized that many of the brothers in affluent countries were buying them, upon which the Society began publishing video tapes. After that many of the brothers who did not have VCRs rushed out to buy them. Now they are almost as common as {small TV}s in the USA. === W === :was: Past tense of the verb `to be' used with the first and third person singular. Everyone knows this, but some people carelessly use `was' also for the second person singular and the plural forms. Gak! I once heard a district overseer use it consistently this way throughout an assembly, at least a dozen times. With all due respect for traveling brothers, the use of this form by one on an assembly does not sanction its use. This is an embarrassing grammatical booboo of the first magnitude. <> ``Me and him was talkin' to some college perfessers one day. Fer some reason they was actin' like they was lookin' down the ends of they noses at us.'' Guess why? :Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania: Note this is spelled with a space between `Watch' and `Tower'. See {legal corporation}. :Watching the World: A collection of very short news items that has been the closing feature of {Awake!} magazine for many years. :Watchtower: See {The Watchtower}. :Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.: See {legal corporation} :Watchtower Society, Watch Tower Society : `Watchtower Society' is short for "Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.", and `Watch Tower Society' is short for "Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania". (Notice that in the latter `Watch Tower' is properly spelled as two words.) The two organizations exist for legal reasons. (See {legal corporation}. However, they are effectively the same. Probably because the Society's headquarters and primary printing operation has been located in Brooklyn, New York for many years, and because of the spelling of the name of the magazine "The Watchtower", `Watchtower Society', i.e., the one-word version, has come to be the one that is seen most often, unless one has a specific reason to distinguish the two. :Watchtower Study: A congregation meeting usually held following the {Public Meeting}, at which a scheduled article from {The Watchtower} is studied. It is generally acknowledged to be most important meeting of the week. Every issue of "The Watchtower" contains two or three articles designed to be used at this meeting. :Watchtower Study conductor: The elder who presides at the "Watchtower" Study. :water immersion: A synonym for {baptism}. The longer term draws attention to the procedure, in that the person presenting himself is totally submerged in water for a moment, according to the scriptural pattern. <> ``Baptismal candidates should remember to bring a modest bathing suit to the water immersion.'' :we: Basic first person plural pronoun used to include the speaker. No examples are needed of its primary use. NOTE: Sometimes people carelessly word things so as to implicitly include themselves in groupings they are not really closely connected with, e.g., with national, geographical, social, or sports groups. Witnesses who are no part of the world need to be particularly careful about this. Some examples: <> ``We have troops in Somalia.'' *We* do *not* have troops in Somalia. Various governments may be represented in that way, but if *we* presently have any special representatives there, they are *missionaries*, not troops. <> ``We beat the Chicago Bulls.'' In reality, *we* sat on the couch, drank beer,[128] ate pizza, and shouted like unrestrained fools while watching TV. Twelve giant men did all the beating of the Chicago Bulls. [128] In moderation, of course. :weak: When used to describe spirituality, the `weak' are primarily those whose *faith* is not strong. The usual symptoms are low publisher hours,[129] poor meeting attendance, failure to participate in meetings, lack of personal study and meeting preparation, failure to pray, and displays of worldly thinking and conduct. These traits are sometimes outward manifestations of deeper problems, e.g., possibly even of unrevealed wrongdoing on the part of the weak one, with a consequent removal of Jehovah's spirit. Rather than condemning the weak, every effort is made by those who are spiritually strong to build them up. (Act 20:35) [129] But see {time}. :Wednesday: Wednesday is rarely reserved for any congregation meetings, except where there are three or four congregations inhabiting the same Hall. But Wednesday is commonly used as a night for the elders to make shepherding calls, or to have elders meetings. It is also a good night for conducting {home Bible studies} and for personal study. :what question(s): Near the beginning of many "Watchtower" articles one may find a {study question} that begins ``What questions ...?'' Its purpose is to prepare the reader for what is to follow; the remainder of the article is devoted to answering these questions. <> ``What questions should we ask as to why we personally believe that the Bible is from God?'' (See [w94 6/1], page 8, question 3b.) When asked at the "Watchtower" Study, these study questions are frequently answered by children who simply reiterate the questions by reading them from the paragraph. :where the need is greater: 1. A territory where there are few Witnesses, and perhaps not even a congregation. <> ``While serving where the need was greater, my own need got greater, and so I had to move back to a city where I could get secular work.'' 2. A congregation where there is a need for workers in the form of elders and ministerial servants. <> ``When I called the Society to find where the need is greater in the general area I wanted to move to, they suggested a congregation that had no elders and only one ministerial servant.'' :wicked: 1. As an adjective `wicked' means morally bad, evil. Although in common use in the literature, it is less common in everyday speech. This may be because of the judgemental connotation of the word, and the pressure in this immoral world to condone or at least wink at what is bad. 2. As a plural noun `the wicked' are all wicked people as a class. Expressions like <> ``God will soon wipe the wicked off the face of the earth'' are common among Jehovah's Witnesses, but are rarely heard from anyone else. :widen out: To extend one's brotherly love toward others previously neglected. The expression comes from 2 Co 6:13 where Paul exhorted the Corinthians to include more persons within the scope of their tender affections. <> ``Can we widen out to include some of the widows in the congregation in our plans for recreational outings?'' :window: 1. An opening in a wall that allows light and criminals to come in and concentration to go out.[130] Something rarely seen in Kingdom Halls. (Though there are exceptions.) <> ``How come you JWs never have windows in your churches?'' I have never seen an answer to this query in print. The best explanation I have heard is that a windowless building is harder to break into, and thus cheaper to insure. One person quipped that the real reason is to prevent people from staring out the window when they should be paying attention to the meetings. Another brother, an architect, commented that a building without windows is like a face without eyes. 2. A form of graphical computer interface, something frequently seen on the personal computers of brothers. [130] And an occasional disciple. (See Act 20:9.) :without charge, without cost: In places where a specific contribution is not asked for literature, it is said to be available `without charge'. NOTE: In my locale I have more frequently heard `without cost', meaning at no cost to the householder. This is entirely different from saying that the literature is {free}. It is not. :Witness of Jehovah: Another way to say `one of {Jehovah's Witnesses}'. The variety of phrases we use to describe ourselves is because of the awkward sounding possessive grammatical structure of our name. <> ``Only one Witness of Jehovah was affected by the flood.'' See the NOTE under the head-word {Jehovah's Witnesses}. However, among ourselves, it is more common to use the simple one-word descriptor {Witness}. :Witness, witness: 1. As a noun, short for {Jehovah's Witness}. <> ``Were there any other Witnesses at the concert?'' 2. As a verb (in lower case), to speak to someone about the Truth. <> ``Use each occasion possible to witness to those we meet.'' 3. An instance of witnessing, frequently used with the indefinite article. <> ``Her quiet endurance of persecution at the hands of her unbelieving husband is a witness to others in her family.'' 4. The verb means to bear testimony, and the noun refers to a person who bears testimony. When used in the generic sense, it is not capitalized. <> ``Jehovah had many human witnesses even before the Christian era.'' :witnessing bag: See {book bag, service bag, meeting bag}. :womenfolk: See {menfolk}. :word whisker: A largely meaningless phrase used as a filler. Some School counselors take great delight in counting them and reporting the number in order to discourage speakers from using them. <> ``And so we see, do we not, in regard to this brother's, uh, way of speaking, that it is, er, like, you know, un, halting, and well, um, sort of like not really very fluent, and so we see, in harmony with the point made in the paragraph, it no doubt helps us to appreciate why word whiskers ought to be avoided, is that not so, brothers and sisters?'' NOTE: Though they should be avoided where possible, word whiskers are tolerated as a normal part part of conversational speech, because they serve the useful purpose of helping to prevent gaps of silence. They should never be allowed to become so noticeable as to be distracting. :world headquarters: See {headquarters}. :world report: The chart entitled "Service Year Report of Jehovah's Witnesses Worldwide", published near the beginning of each {Yearbook}, and duplicated in each January 1st edition of "The Watchtower". The chart lists by country statistics for the number of {peak} publishers, percentage of increase for the year, number of congregations, total {hours} in preaching reported, {Memorial} attendance, and other interesting facts. :world, worldly: Organized human society outside the Christian congregation. As such it is consequently in a state of alienation from God and his purposes. In {NW}, `world' translates forms of the Greek word "ko'smos". (Jam 4:4, 1 Jo 2:15-17) Thus `worldly' is used to describe an attitude of conformance to the world in appearance, thinking, and actions, and is in contrast to {spiritual}. <> ``Since slacking off on his study and meeting attendance, Brother Slide has begun to manifest some worldly speech and habits.'' :worldling: A person engrossed in the concerns of the world, a {worldly} person. Although a perfectly legitimate word, it is sometimes spoken with a supercilious air of superiority as though to elevate the speaker above the one it is applied to. <> ``Do you see that *worldling* across the street, the one with long hair and shabby clothes?'' One brother remarked <> ``When I see the word `worldling' it reminds me of `earthling', and that makes me think of a Martian with green skin and antennae sticking out of his head.'' :worldly holiday: See {holiday}. :worldwide work: A general term for the activity of {Jehovah's people} throughout the earth. We refer to it on the {contribution box} labeled `For the World Wide Work' and in explaining the {donation arrangement} to {householders}. <> ``The literature is yours without cost, but we do accept voluntary contributions to support the worldwide work of teaching people the Bible.'' It is sometimes simply called {the work}. NOTE: `Worldwide' is spelled as a single word in my dictionary. It is also seen in the Society's publications as two words, and sometimes as a hyphenated word. :Would you like ...?: Many {release talks} at district conventions include a dissertation on some topic that leaves the audience hungering for more information. Then, to build anticipation, the speaker says ``Would you like ...'' where the ellipsis is filled in by a brief description of a new release about to be announced. <> ``Would you parents like to have something to assist you in teaching your little ones about God's will?'' (Followed by thunderous acknowledgement and the announcement of a new publication designed for that very purpose.) :Writing Committee: A subcommittee of the {Governing Body} that supervises the putting of {spiritual food} into written, recorded, and video forms for worldwide consumption. :written review: The test-like retrospective of information recently studied conducted at the end of each four-month segment of the {Theocratic Ministry School}. <> ``A stranger walking into the Hall during a written review might think he had mistakenly arrived at a Quakers meeting because of the quiet.'' :wrongdoing, wrongdoer: Terms usually applied to sins and persons who commit them respectively, of sufficient gravity that they could be {expelled} from the {congregation}. <> ``Christians should have the courage to speak up when they know that wrongdoing exists in the congregation.'' :WTB&TS, WTS: Acronyms for the {Watchtower Bible and Tract Society}, and {Watchtower Society}, respectively. Notice the ampersand. It is used primarily in writing rather than in speech. <> ``Dear Mom: This note is to let you know that there are two new WTB&TS publications available that you will surely want to read.'' === Y === :ye [obs]: See {common archaisms}. :Yearbook: The publication "Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses", the title preceded by the current year number. Referring to `the "Yearbook"' without a year means the one for the current year. Until about 1985, this book and the publication that is now called "Examining the Scriptures Daily" were published under one cover. They were separated, allowing the {daily text} book to be published in a compact soft cover, making it more convenient to carry to meetings for field service and elsewhere. <> ``Each year the annual world report and the history of the progress of the work in various countries is published in the "Yearbook".'' :yeartext: The scripture that serves as a theme for the current calendar year. It is displayed on a wall in every Kingdom Hall. <> ``The yeartext for 1994 says `Trust in Jehovah with all your heart.''' (Pro 3:5) :you know: This phrase has become, you know, the most common {word whisker}, you know, in spoken English, used sometimes several times, you know, in the same sentence. <> ``So, you know, I told the class, you know, Jehovah's Witnesses don't celebrate Christmas, because, you know, Jesus wasn't even born on December 25th.'' (My daughter supplied that example.) :Young People Ask ...: A regular series of outstanding articles featured in {Awake!} magazine that address the special needs of young people. The title always appears with the ellipsis, as shown in the head-word. [Or simply read the original articles in "Teen Magazine" -ed] :your care and keeping: Some brothers conclude every prayer that opens a meeting with the signature phrase: <> ``We leave this meeting in your care and keeping.'' There is nothing inherently wrong with it; it is just used too often. When prayers are offered spontaneously from the heart, the tendency to use formulistic mannerisms can be avoided. (See the NOTE under {Jehovah}.) :youth: A {fuddy-duddy} term when used as a noun designating a young person, rather the state of being young. In such cases its use is usually by persons who are not youthful themselves, unless they are cursed with premature {stuffed-shirtedness}. In addition, `youth' is probably not really considered {politically correct} by many of those it is intended to describe. Persons so designated generally prefer to be called `young people', or `teenagers', or sometimes just `kids', as appropriate. Unfortunately, there is no succinct alternative in English. <> ``Hello there, youth! What seems to be troubling you?'' ``None of your business, you old goat!'' A poor choice of address. <> ``Youths: What are your goals in life?'' Stuffy, but better. <> ``Youth is wasted on the young.'' Good, because `youth' here means the condition of being young, rather than young people. People from New York sometimes pronounce it `YOOF'. === Z === :zeal, zealous: Eagerness bordering on fervent passion in pursuit of something. Zeal is related to {fanaticism}, except that zeal usually means great enthusiasm in a positive sense, whereas fanaticism implies blind unreasoning devotion. Zeal is normally considered a `good thing', especially in connection with spiritual matters. When Jesus threw merchants out of the temple in Jerusalem, his disciples realized it was in fulfillment of the prophecy at Psa 69:9 that says <> ``Sheer zeal for your house has eaten me up.'' However, the throwees probably viewed Jesus as a fanatic. NOTE: Concerning speaking with zeal --- what a person is in everyday life has an impact on his speaking. If a person is lukewarm in speaking about the Truth in ordinary circumstances, then gets up and gives a passionate talk full of exhortation and expressions from the heart, it may ring false. Some people sense that this is so, and it inhibits their freeness of speech. The only real solution is to be zealous for the Truth at all times. :zone: All the branch offices are grouped into `zones' in the same way that congregations make up {circuits} and circuits make up {districts}. :zone overseer: A brother who periodically visits and serves each of the branches throughout the earth. :zone servant [obs]: Former term for {zone overseer}. GLOSSARY MAINTENANCE -------------------- This "Glossary" is a living document and will continue to be added to and revised periodically, until I get tired of doing so. Comments, corrections, additions and suggestions for improvements to the "Glossary" are welcome. All those submitted will be given consideration for future editions. It is unlikely that another complete edition will be announced any sooner than early 1996 because: To the making of many books there is no end, and much devotion to them is wearisome to the flesh. (Ecc 12:12) However, *un*announced changes are made as time allows. Therefore, anyone asking me directly for a copy, rather than getting it from a distribution point, will always get the `latest and greatest' version, even if that represents unreleased work in progress. My {Internet} email address and my home {snail mail} address are given below. The Internet is the fastest and surest way to get my attention, because I am firmly attached to it during business hours every working day, and my environment software checks for new mail every 8 seconds, 24 hours a day. NAME: Lynn D. Newton ADDRESS: 14034 N. 37th Street Phoenix, AZ 85032 USA United States of America INTERNET: lynn@ives.phx.mcd.mot.com (Editing for NJB by 'jesus-witnesses')