PROFESSOR: So B strong field Zeeman.
So what did we say we would do?
We would have H0 plus e over 2mc B Lz plus 2Lz
B. This would be our H0 check I call it,
plus delta H fine structure 1.
And we said what we have to do now
is strong field Zeeman is more important than fine structure.
So we first have to get the strong field
Zeeman figured out, with the bare bones hydrogen
atom, what it does.
And then on those states, we will do perturbation theory
for fine splitting.
So it is redoing fine splitting.
And you say oh my god, that's hard.
We spent a whole lecture doing that.
Well, second time you do things, they go a little faster.
So it's not that bad.
But here there is something quite remarkable.
This was supposed to be your known Hamiltonian.
And you say no, it's not known.
I never solved this before.
On the other hand, when we had H0 plus delta
H1, a fine structure, we did struggle.
And we found those states--
approximate states.
Here the situation happily is surprisingly simple.
And one reason for that is the following.
That again, perhaps your initial impression
this can be solved exactly.
You don't even need perturbation theory to add this term.
What?
Yes!
This Hamiltonian commutes with H0.
Isn't that right?
H0 is rotational invariant.
So it commutes with any j.
Uncertain H0 has nothing for a spin.
It's a one matrix there.
So this commutes with Hamiltonian.
So it's possible that you can diagonalize this completely.
Simultaneous-- eigenstates of the first part
and the second part, so simultaneous eigenstates
from all of those!
But the news is even better.
Your uncoupled states-- uncoupled states n, l, m, l,
m, s, those were eigenstates except eigenstates of H0,
the all good ole hydrogen atom.
But actually they are exact eigenstates of lZ,
and exact eigenstates of sz.
So they're exact eigenstate of the Zeeman Hamiltonian.
So they state are it.
These are the exact states of H0 hat!
These are exact eigenstates--
eigenstates of H0 check--
I'm sorry.
Its was not hat with eigenenergies as follows.
There are no mystery, the eigenenergies,
they're very simple.
The eigenenergies are e, n, l, ml, l, m, s.
Exact are e, m, 0, the ones that the hydrogen atom has
that don't depend on any of these other things plus eB
over 2mc eh bar B over 2mc ml plus 2ms.
So this serves perfectly the name of known Hamiltonian.
That was not the case for weak Zeeman.
And weak Zeeman who had this one and this one, and the other
was the approximately known Hamiltonian, to which
we added the weak Zeeman.
Here, it's this perfectly known Hamiltonian, to which we
have to now add fine structure.
So maybe the last thing that helps
you visualize what's going on is to understand
what happens to the splittings.
Because you're going to have to fine structure splitting.
And fine structure again, you will have to ask,
can I use non- degenerate perturbation theory or can
I not use it?
So you need to know what happened with the degeneracies
after you add this term.
Are all that the degeneracies of the hydrogen atom
broken by this term, or do some survive?
If they survive, is fine splitting diagonal
in those degenerate subspaces or not?
So the most important thing is figuring out
what are the degenerates spaces after you've added this term.
This is intuitively what you have to do.
If you approach this problem OK, I now
have to compute fine structure on a new basis,
and you have no idea what the new basis is,
you are proceeding a little bit with your eyes covered.
You should always try to make things a little more concrete.
So look at the n equal 2 states.
You have l equals 0 and l equals 1.
Here, you have six states.
Remember, their spin.
There's two states here.
The two states of l equals 0 have ms equal 1/2
and ms equal to minus 1/2.
So they're going to split.
This number is going to be either plus 1 or minus 1,
and they're going to split.
And here-- so this is plus 1 on this factor here, this number,
or minus 1 for that number.
For this states of l equals 1, ml for example,
can be 1, and ms plus 1/2--
so 1 plus 1 is 2.
So there is a state of 2.
Ml equals minus 2 minus 1, and this minus 1/2
gives you minus 2.
So that's another state.
You can have more states.
For example, if you take ml equals 1 and ms equals
2 minus 1/2, you get the 0.
But you can also have ml equals minus 1 and this plus 1/2--
plus 1/2, which also gives you 0.
So here there's a degeneracy.
There are six states.
You will see that there is one here and one there.
So here is the nature of the degeneracy.
The six states have split like that.
There's a degeneracy across l multiplets.
And there's a degeneracy within l multiplets.
So two types of degeneracy.
And that's what you will have to consider when you
think of the fine splitting.
In fact, the problem in the homework
gives you some sort of trickery to evaluate this expectation
value with a little less work than the traditional method,
but still asks the question whether you
can use the generator or non-degenerate perturbation
theory.
And that's an interesting question.
And this example, can help you visualize a little better what
kind of degeneracies you have.
OK, we're concluding a chapter in the history of [INAUDIBLE]
six.
We're done with perturbation theory,
and we're done with hydrogen atom for the moment.