Grammar

Capitalization

Capital letters, also sometimes called upper case letters, are the taller letters you see when you read. But a letter isn't a capital letter just because it's tall! Every letter of the alphabet has a capital version, and a lower case version. The two versions don't always look the same, as you can see here with the letter A:

When you capitalize a letter, you're turning it from a lower case letter into a capital letter. People also talk about capitalizing words, which means to capitalize the first letter of the word. In this lesson, we'll go over the rules that tell you when a word should be capitalized, and when it should be lower case. In general, you should capitalize:

• The first letter of a sentence
• The letter I
• People and place names
• Dates and holidays
• Professional and family titles
• Groups and organizations
• Titles of books, songs, and other creative works

Let's go over these one at a time.

The First Letter of a Sentence

The first letter of a sentence is always capitalized, no matter what letter it is. For example, let's look at this sentence:

The letter W in when is capitalized because W is the first letter in the sentence. If the sentence said He never shows up for our dates, the letter H would be capitalized. The first letter of sentences that are included in other sentences are also capitalized, like in this example:

Here we've capitalized the M in my because it's the first letter of the whole sentence. We've also capitalized the D in don't because it's the first letter of the sentence the woman's father says.

The Letter I

An I by itself refers to a person, so it should be capitalized. For example:

Notice that only the I that appears by itself is capitalized — you don't need to capitalize every I in the sentence.

The I should also be capitalized when I is in a contraction with other words. For instance, the I in I'm is capitalized because I'm is a contraction of I am. I've is a contraction of I have, so I is capitalized there, too. What about a contraction like it's? Since the I in it's stands for it, it should be lower case.

People and Place Names

The first letters of names are always capitalized. This is true for people's names, like Joe, or place names, like Georgia.

On this envelope, Dracula Smith's name, street, city, and state are all capitalized. Notice that the words Big, Tooth, and Lane are all capitalized because they are all part of Dracula's street.

Dates and Holidays

Months, days, and holidays should all be capitalized. Let's take a look at this example:

In this sentence,Thanksgiving and Day are both capitalized because they are part of a holiday name. (Thanksgiving is also the first word of the sentence). Thursday is the name of a day, and November is the name of a month. If you're not sure whether to capitalize a holiday name, ask yourself if the name would be printed on a calendar. Holiday names that would be printed on calendars should be capitalized.

Unlike dates and holidays, the seasons of the year aren't usually capitalized. You should only capitalize a season if it's part of a specific name, like the Fall semester or the Winter book sale.

Four out of five of the capital letters in this image are correct. Use what you just learned to decide which ones are correct. Then click the dots to see if you're right!

Professional and Family Titles

A title for a person can be based on someone's job, like the word doctor, or a family relationship, like the word aunt. The first letter of a title should be capitalized if the title is used as part of someone's name. For example, doctor is capitalized if you call someone Doctor Green. If you call someone Aunt Joan, you capitalize the word aunt.

How can you tell if a title is being used as part of a name? First, you can look at the word before the title. When a title comes after the words my, your, his, her, our, their, a, an, or the, the title isn't being used as a name. So it shouldn't be capitalized. For example:

In this sentence, the word captain comes after the word the, so captain is not capitalized. Alternatively, if captain was part of someone's name, like Captain Blake, it would be capitalized. Here's an example:

In this sentence, we capitalized judge because it appears with the name Rude. If the sentence said I always watch the judge's show, the word judge wouldn't be capitalized.

What about these sentences?

Family titles are often used instead of names, like the word mom in the image above. So when you see a family title by itself, you can use our earlier hint and look at the word before the title. In this image, the word dad is not capitalized because the word before it is your. Here's another example:

In this sentence, the word mom comes after the word my. So mom shouldn't be capitalized.

Groups and Organizations

When you're writing about an official group, only important words in the group's name should be capitalized. That means we won't capitalize shorter words like and, the, or, in, of, or for. For example, in the band name Dice and Tokens, we only capitalize the words dice and tokens.

The same rule applies to names of organizations, like the National Organization for Women. Or government departments, like the Department of Education. In both of those names, important words like education are capitalized. But we've skipped over the shorter words, like for and of.

Titles of Books, Songs, and Other Creative Work

Just like in group names, we only capitalize important words in the titles of books, songs, and other kinds of art.  In the image below, only two words in the book title are capitalized: crime and punishment. And isn't an important word, so it's lower case.

The only exception to this rule is when the first word of the title isn't important. The first word of art or book title is always capitalized, no matter what the word is. For example, in the movie The Wizard of Oz, the word the is capitalized because it's the first word of the title.

The titles of creative works are usually also italicized, underlined, or put in quotes to show that they're not just part of the sentence. Not everyone agrees on how to format a creative works title correctly. So you should ask your boss or teacher what he/she prefers when you're writing formally.

What about All Caps?

A lot of people write in all caps when they e-mail or post comments online. But honestly, that's pretty rude — it's kind of like screaming instead of talking. So you can do it if you're just e-mailing a friend or posting on Facebook (although we still think it's rude). But don't do it if you're writing for school or work!

You don't want your boss to think you're saying this:

When you really mean this:

So take our advice! Step away from the caps lock!